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Science Final JoshT
Science Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In which step of the scientific method is information obtained through senses? | Observation |
| Which variable do you change – manipulated or responding? | Manipulated variable |
| Hypothesis Definition | A proposed explanation or educated guess based on observations that can be tested by experiments. |
| Scientific law Definition | A statement that describes a consistent and universal relationship observed in nature, often expressed mathematically, and based on repeated experimental observations. |
| Scientific theory Definition | A well-supported and widely accepted explanation of natural phenomena that is based on a large body of evidence. |
| What is the usefulness of scientific models? | They help scientists understand, explain, and predict natural phenomena by representing complex systems or processes in a simpler way. |
| Circle the measurement that is most precise. a. 2 g b. 8.6 g c. 2.81 g d. 6.005 g | d. 6.005 g |
| 1 liter = ______ ml 6 cm = _______ m 8045mm = ________m 6 cm = _______mm | 1 liter = 1000 milliliters (ml) 6 cm = 0.06 meters (m) 8045 mm = 8.045 meters (m) 6 cm = 60 millimeters (mm) |
| What is the density of an object with mass 9.6 g and volume 22 cm³? | 0.436 g/cm³ (Density = Mass ÷ Volume) |
| Which samples of matter are pure substances? (milk, oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron) | Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and iron are pure substances. Milk is a mixture. |
| What is a substance made of only one kind of matter called? | Pure substance |
| Which are homogeneous mixtures and which are heterogeneous? | homogeneous: salt water solution and air Heterogeneous: chocolate chip ice cream, jar with nails and screws |
| What is a solution? Give an example. | A solution is a homogeneous mixture where one substance is completely dissolved in another. Example: Salt dissolved in water. |
| What is a colloid? Give an example. | A colloid is a mixture with tiny particles dispersed throughout that do not settle out. Example: Milk. |
| What is a suspension? Give an example. | A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture with particles large enough to settle out over time. Example: Muddy water. |
| What are two methods used to separate mixtures? | Filtration Distillation |
| Which of these are physical properties? Color, malleability, flammability, size. | Physical properties: Color, malleability, size Chemical property: Flammability |
| How do you tell the difference between a physical change and a chemical change? | Physical change: Changes appearance or form but not chemical makeup. Chemical change: Produces a new substance, often with color change, gas, or temperature change. |
| Which of these are physical changes? Wood burning, iron rusting, sugar mixing with water, water boiling. | Physical changes: Sugar mixing with water, water boiling Chemical changes: Wood burning, iron rusting |
| Does a solid have a definite shape and volume? What about the attraction between particles? | Definite shape: Yes Definite volume: Yes Attraction between particles: Strong |
| Does a liquid have a definite shape and volume? What about the attraction between particles? | Definite shape: No Definite volume: Yes Attraction between particles: Moderate |
| Does a gas have a definite shape and volume? What about the attraction between particles? | Definite shape: No Definite volume: No Attraction between particles: Weak |
| In which state of matter is the attraction between particles the greatest? The least? | Greatest: Solid Least: Gas |
| At what temperature (°C) does water freeze and boil? | Freezes at 0°C Boils at 100°C |
| Match the phase change words to the processes: freezing, melting, vaporization, condensation. | |
| How are boiling and evaporation the same? | Both change a liquid into a gas. |
| How are boiling and evaporation different? | Boiling happens throughout the liquid at a specific temperature; evaporation happens only at the surface and can occur at any temperature. |
| Which substance undergoes sublimation? | Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is a common substance that undergoes sublimation. |
| Write the reverse of each phase change: a. Sublimation b. Condensation | Deposition Vaporization |
| What are the building blocks of all matter? | Atoms |
| Democritus' contribution to atomic theory? | Proposed that matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles called "atomos." |
| Dalton's contribution to atomic theory? | Developed the first modern atomic theory; atoms are indivisible and combine in whole-number ratios |
| Thomson's contribution to atomic theory? | Discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube; proposed the plum pudding model. |
| Rutherford's contribution to atomic theory? | Discovered the nucleus via the gold foil experiment; atoms are mostly empty space with a dense center. |
| Bohr's contribution to atomic theory? | Proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels (shells). |
| What is the electron cloud model? | A model that describes the likely location of electrons in a region around the nucleus; shows probability rather than fixed paths. |
| What is the definition of atomic number? | The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus; it determines the element's identity. |
| What is the definition of atomic mass? | The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. |
| What is the definition of isotope? | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. |
| Number of Protons? | Equal to atomic number |
| Number of Electrons (neutral atom)? | Equal to atomic number |
| Number of Neutrons? | Atomic mass (rounded) - Atomic number |
| Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are examples of? | Isotopes |
| The arrangement of electrons in orbitals is called? | Electron configuration |
| Sodium (Na) Electron Config: | Electron Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹ |
| Neon (Ne) Electron Config: | Electron Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ |
| Calcium (Ca) Electron Config: | Electron Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² |
| Where are metals located on the periodic table? | On the left and center |
| Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table? | On the right side |
| Where are metalloids located on the periodic table? | Along the zigzag (stair-step) line between metals and nonmetals |
| Which type of elements tends to be malleable and conduct electricity? | Metals |
| Which types of elements are mostly gases at room temperature? | Nonmetals |
| Which go up and down on the periodic table: groups or periods? | Groups |
| Which go side to side (left to right) on the periodic table: groups or periods? | Periods |
| The most reactive metals are found in which group? | Group 1 (alkali metals) |
| The most reactive nonmetals are found in which group? | Group 17 (halogens) |
| How do you determine the number of valence electrons in an atom? | By the group number (for main group elements, groups 1, 2, and 13–18). |
| Number of valence electrons for Sodium? | 1 |
| Number of valence electrons for Argon? | 8 |
| Number of valence electrons for Carbon? | 4 |
| Why do atoms form bonds? | To achieve a full outer shell of electrons and become more stable. |
| What type of elements form ionic bonds? | A metal and a nonmetal. |
| Do ionic bonds transfer or share electrons? | Transfer electrons. |
| What type of elements form covalent bonds? | Two nonmetals. |
| Do covalent bonds transfer or share electrons? | Share electrons. |
| What is a cation? | A positively charged ion (loses electrons). |
| What is an anion? | A negatively charged ion (gains electrons). |
| How can you tell if a compound is ionic or covalent from its formula? | Ionic contains: metal and nonmetal. Covalent contains: only non-metal |
| Circle ionic and underline covalent: CS₂, KBr, CO₂, AlCl₃ | Underline CS₂ and CO₂ (covalent), Circle KBr and AlCl₃ (ionic). |
| What does a subscript in a chemical formula indicate? | The number of atoms of that element in the compound. |
| Formula for potassium oxide? | K₂O |
| Formula for ammonium chloride? | NH₄Cl |
| Formula for aluminum nitrate? | Al(NO₃)₃ |
| Formula for magnesium phosphide? | Mg₃P₂ |
| Name for CCl₄? | Carbon tetrachloride |
| Name for Ba(C₂H₃O₂)₂? | Barium acetate |
| Name for FeO? | Iron (II) Oxide |
| Name for W(SO₄)₃? | Tungsten(VI) sulfate |
| What is a diatomic molecule? | A molecule made of two atoms of the same element (e.g., O₂, N₂). |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating slight charges. |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally. |
| In "sulfur dioxide", what does the prefix "di-" mean? | It means there are two oxygen atoms. |
| What are the starting substances in a chemical reaction called? | Reactants |
| What are the new substances formed in a chemical reaction called? | Products |
| Balance: _____Na + _____Br2 -> _____NaBr | 2Na + 1Br₂ → 2NaBr |
| What is a decomposition reaction? | A reaction where one compound breaks into two or more simpler substances (AB → A + B). |
| What is a synthesis reaction? | A reaction where two or more substances combine to form one new compound (A + B → AB). |
| What is a double replacement reaction? | A reaction where two compounds swap ions to form two new compounds (AB + CD → AD + CB). |
| What is a single replacement reaction? | A reaction where one element replaces another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B). |
| What type of reaction is: 2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃? | Synthesis reaction |
| What type of reaction is: NO₃ + 2I → NI₂ + O₃? | Single replacement reaction |
| What is the molar mass of H₂O? | 18.02 g/mol |
| What is the molar mass of FeCl₃? | 162.20 g/mol |
| What is the molar mass of KMnO₄? | 158.04 g/mol |
| Where are coefficients written in a balanced equation? | In front of the chemical formulas. |
| In a chemical reaction, the bonds of the (reactants/products) are broken and the bonds of the (reactants/products) are formed. | Bonds of the reactants are broken, and bonds of the products are formed. |
| What is the law of conservation of mass? | Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. |
| A passenger in the rear seat of a train moving at a steady speed looks at rest relative to who? | Someone inside the train. |
| The passenger looks like they are moving to who? | Someone outside the train. |
| What do we call the concept of observing motion relative to different observers? | Relative motion. |
| A person walks 2 miles south, then 1.5 miles east. What is their total displacement? | 2.5 miles. |
| What is their displacement if the person returns home? | Zero miles. |
| What is the total distance traveled if the person returns home? | 7 miles. |
| A person drives 5 blocks north, 5 blocks west, then 5 blocks south. How can the driver shorten the distance while keeping the same displacement? | Drive diagonally or in a straight line between start and end points. |
| How is instantaneous speed measured? | Speed at a specific moment in time. |
| How is average speed measured? | Total distance divided by total time. |
| What phrase can help remember average speed? | "Speed = Distance ÷ Time." |
| A car travels 50 km in 2 hrs, 63 km in 1 hr, and 61 km in 2 hrs. What is the average speed? | 34.8 km/h. |
| What does the slope of a line on a distance-time graph represent? | Speed. |
| What is the speed of a bobsled that travels 150 m in 19 s? | Approximately 7.89 m/s. |
| A river current has a velocity of 5 km/h, and a boat moves at 4 km/h relative to the river in the same direction. What is the velocity of the boat relative to the shore? | 9 km/h. |
| What is the rate at which velocity changes called? | Acceleration. |
| What do objects in free fall near Earth's surface experience? | Constant acceleration due to gravity. |
| Describe the change in acceleration of an object moving at constant speed around a track. | The acceleration changes because the direction changes, even if speed is constant. |
| A toy car increases speed from 2 m/s to 35 m/s in 2 s. What is its acceleration? | 16.5 m/s². |
| An object that is accelerating may be changing in which two ways? | Speed and/or direction. |
| A train slows from 25 m/s to 10 m/s in 240 s. Is its acceleration positive or negative? | Negative acceleration (deceleration). |
| The SI unit of force is the ______________________. | The SI unit of force is the Newton (N). |
| Write the combined unit for a Newton? ______________________________. | A Newton is expressed as kg·m/s² (kilogram meter per second squared). |
| When is a net force equal to zero we have what kind of forces? ___________________________. | When the net force is zero, the forces are balanced forces. |
| What are the four types of friction? | Static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. |
| As you push a box across a tabletop, the sliding friction acting on the cereal box is in which direction? | Sliding friction acts opposite to the direction of motion. |
| The two forces acting on a falling bubble are: | Gravity and air resistance. |
| What is projectile motion caused by? | Projectile motion is caused by the force of gravity and initial forward velocity. |
| Define inertia: | Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. |
| If the car you are riding in stops suddenly, you continue to move forward because of ___________________________. | Inertia. |
| If a force of 15 N is applied to an object with a mass of 4 kg, the object will accelerate at | 3.75 m/s² (using F = ma → a = F/m = 15/4). |
| Distinguish between mass, weight and force. | Mass is the amount of matter in an object (kg). Weight is the force due to gravity acting on mass (Newtons). Force is any push or pull acting on an object. |
| State Newton’s three laws of motion. 1 | An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force (law of inertia). |
| State Newton’s three laws of motion. 2 | Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). |
| State Newton’s three laws of motion. 3 | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
| What is the momentum of a 50-kilogram object gliding across the ice at a speed of 8 m/s? | Momentum = mass × velocity = 400 kg·m/s. |
| Define gravitational force: | Gravitational force is the attraction between two masses. |
| As an astronaut travels far away from Earth, compare any changes in her mass and weight. | Mass stays the same; weight decreases as gravitational pull weakens. |
| How does gravitational force between two objects change if the objects move farther apart? If one or both of the masses increase? | Gravitational force decreases as distance increases. Gravitational force increases as mass increases. |
| Define centripetal force. | Centripetal force is the force that keeps an object moving in a circular path, directed toward the center of the circle. |
| A force acting on an object does no work if the force is (in the same direction, or in a different direction) of the object’s motion. | In a different direction (perpendicular or opposite). |
| If you exert a force of 12.0 N to lift a box a distance of 0.97m, how much work do you do? | Work = force × distance = 11.64 joules. |
| If you perform 30 joules of work lifting a 7-N box from the floor to a shelf, how high is the shelf? | Height = work / force = 4.29 meters. |
| Define power: | Power is the rate at which work is done. |
| If you exert a force of 800 N to walk 7 m up a flight of stairs in 6 s, how much power do you use? | Power = work / time = (800 × 7) / 6 = 933.3 watts. |
| A machine is a device that can multiply ____________________________. | Force or distance. |
| How does actual mechanical advantage of a machine compare to its ideal mechanical advantage? | Actual mechanical advantage is always less due to friction and other losses. |
| How does reducing friction in a machine affect its efficiency? | Reducing friction increases efficiency. |
| The efficiency of a machine is always less than 100 percent because: | Some work is lost to friction and other energy losses. |
| A mechanical device requires 480 J of work to do 130 J of work in lifting a crate. What is the efficiency of the device? | Efficiency = (130 / 480) × 100 = 27.1%. |
| How does an inclined plane reduce the effort force? | By increasing the distance over which the force is applied. |
| An ax is an example of what type of machine? | A wedge. |
| Name the 5 other types of simple machines | Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, and screw. |
| Name 3 things that can be used as more than one simple and describe how they are those simple machines. | Examples: Scissors (lever and wedge), screwdriver (lever and screw), bicycle (wheel and axle, lever, pulley). |
| Work is a transfer of ____________________________. | Energy. |
| The energy of motion is called __________________________________. | Kinetic energy. |
| Stored energy is often called ___________________________________. | Potential energy. |
| Energy is transferred from kinetic energy to ________________________ energy when friction is present. | Thermal energy. |
| A small 25-kilogram canoe is floating downriver at a speed of 3 m/s. What is the canoe’s kinetic energy? | KE = ½ × mass × velocity² = 112.5 joules. |
| Name an example of an object with elastic potential energy. | A stretched rubber band. |
| How does the gravitational potential energy of an object 1 meter above the moon’s surface compare with its potential energy 1 meter above Earth’s surface? | It is less on the moon due to weaker gravity. |
| A 3-kilogram cat is resting on top of a bookshelf that is 4 meters high. What is the cat’s gravitational potential energy relative to the floor if the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s²? | PE = mgh = 3 × 9.8 × 4 = 117.6 joules. |
| What type of energy increases when an object becomes warmer? __________________________ | Thermal energy. |
| The energy stored in gasoline is ________________________ energy. | Chemical energy. |
| The total potential and kinetic energy of all the microscopic particles in an object make up its __________________________ _______________________________. | Thermal energy. |
| Walking converts what type of energy into mechanical energy? ________________________. | Chemical energy. |
| Nuclear power plants are designed to convert nuclear energy into what type of energy? | Electrical energy. |
| State the law of conservation of energy. | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed. |
| Fossil fuels currently account for the majority of the world’s energy use because they are | Abundant and energy-dense. |
| Three common renewable sources of energy are: | Solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy. |
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