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Chemistry Regents 25
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| physical property | does not alter the chemical makeup |
| solid | Particles are held in a rigid geometric pattern,definite shape and volume |
| liquid | particles are not held in a rigid form, definite volume, but no definite shape |
| gas | particles have minimal attractive forces, can expand/contract/move and fill any container, no definite volume or shape; spread indefinitely |
| element | purest, simplest form of a substance that still has a unique set of properties; cannot be separated |
| compound | a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions; has a formula |
| mixture | A physical blend of two or more components; can be physically separated. |
| homogeneous mixture | A mixture that is the same throughout; smooth; no chunks. |
| heterogeneous mixture | A mixture that has different regions; chunky. |
| filtration | separates based on particle size or solubility |
| chromatography | separates a mixture based on polarity |
| separate by evaporation | separates based on boiling point |
| distillation | separate and capture liquids based on boiling points |
| period | row on the periodic table |
| family or group | column on the periodic table, elements have the same number of valence electrons |
| Noble Gases | Group 18, don't react with any other elements (due to full valence shell) |
| diatomic elements | exist only in pairs when alone HON-17 |
| STP | standard temperature and pressure |
| metals | are solids at room temperature (except Hg), malleable, ductile, luster, good conductors of heat and electricity |
| nonmetals | as solids they are brittle, dull, and poor conductors of heat and electricity |
| metalloids | exhibit properties of metals and nonmetals |
| proton | positive subatomic particle in the nucleus, atomic number |
| neutron | neutral subatomic particle in the nucleus, contributes to the mass of the atom |
| electron | negative subatomic particle in orbitals |
| ion | an atom with more or less electrons than a neutral |
| octet rule | atoms are most stable when they have a full valence shell |
| isotope | atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different mass (different number of neutrons) |
| ground state | all electrons are in their normal shells |
| excited state | one or more electrons has "jumped" up to a higher shell |
| bright line spectrum | pattern of light that each element produces when its electrons are excited and fall back to the ground state |
| Rutherford's gold foil experiment | Alpha-particles were directed at a thin sheet of gold foil; most passed through the foil, but a few were deflected; this led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. |
| wave mechanical model | Current model of the atom where electrons are in clouds of probable location around the nucleus called orbitals |
| atomic radii | the size of an atom |
| electronegativity | the attraction of a nucleus for a new electron in a bond |
| ionization energy | amount of energy needed to remove an electron |
| ionic bonding | metal + nonmetal transfer electrons |
| polyatomic ions | ions made with more than one atom |
| ionic properties | high mp and bp, hard, conduct electricity as liquids or in aqueous solutions |
| covalent bond | nonmetals share electrons |
| molecular formula | shows how many atoms are in the molecule (only covalent compounds/molecules) |
| empirical formula | shows the ratio of atoms (for covalent and ionic). This the reduced formula. |
| polar covalent bond | nonmetals with different electronegativities share electrons unequally |
| nonpolar covalent bond | nonmetals with the same (or close) electronegativities share electrons equally |
| single covalent bond | one pair of electrons are shared (2 total) |
| double covalent bond | two pairs of electrons are shared (4 total) |
| triple covalent bond | three pairs of electrons are shared (6 total) |
| covalent properties | low mp and bp, poor conductors |
| metallic bond | a bond in a metal where the electrons move freely |
| hydrogen bonding | the STRONG intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (FON) is attracted to opposite charges of nearby molecules |
| dipole | charged end of a polar molecule |
| molecule ion attraction | attraction between an ion and water |
| reactants | ingredients in a reaction (before) |
| products | substances that are made (after) |
| reaction | a chemical change that happens after time |
| law of conservation of mass | matter cannot be created nor destroyed (equal mass on both sides of an equation) |
| synthesis reaction | when two or more reactants combine to form a single product |
| decomposition reaction | when a single compound is broken down |
| single displacement reaction | when one atom replaces another in a reaction |
| double displacement reaction | when two compounds switch "partners" |
| combustion reaction | when a hydrocarbon combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide and water |
| mole | measurement of number of atoms |
| temperature | average kinetic energy |
| heat of fusion | amount of energy needed to melt (or freeze) a solid |
| heat of vaporization | amount of energy needed to boil (or condense) a substance |
| vapor pressure | the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid |
| kinetic molecular theory | particles in a gas are (1) moving in random straight line motion (2) are far apart compared to their size (3) are not attracted to each other |
| ideal gas | a gas under low pressure and high temperature |
| pressure | force exerted through particle collisions |
| Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas | pressure and volume are inversely related at constant temperature |
| Relationship between volume and temperature of a gas | volume and temperature are directly related at constant pressure |
| exothermic | heat is given off |
| endothermic | heat is added (required) |
| sublimation | solid to gas |
| nucleus | dense, central core of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons |
| orbital | a region in which an electron of a particular amount of energy is most likely to be located |
| atomic mass | the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element |
| deposition | gas to solid |
| allotropes | a form of an element that is the same element in the same phase, but has different chemical and physical properties |
| ex. O₂ (oxygen) and O₃ (ozone) | |
| polar molecule | Polar bonds AND asymmetrical |
| nonpolar molecule | has nonpolar bonds OR it has polar bonds and is symmetrical |
| dipole-dipole forces | the positive end of one molecule attracts to the negative end of another |
| pure substance | one thing; element or compound |
| ionic radius | radius of the ion of an element, positive is smaller, negative is larger |
| Van Der Waal's forces | weak attractions between nonpolar molecules |
| solute | substance that is being dissolved |
| solvent | substance that is doing the dissolving |
| aqueous solution | solution where water is the solvent |
| solubility | how easily or how much something dissolves |
| molarity | concentration of a solution |
| electrolytes | ionic substances that are dissolved in water; conduct electricity |
| saturated solution | a solution that has dissolved as much as it possibly can |
| unsaturated solution | a solution that can dissolved more of a solute |
| supersaturated solution | a trick where a solution is heated to allow more solute to dissolve |
| What happens to the freezing point when more substance is dissolved in a solution? | The freezing point decreases. |
| What happens to the boiling point when more substance is dissolved in a solution? | The boiling point increases. |
| oxidation | the loss of electrons (OIL) |
| reduction | the gain of electrons (RIG) |
| oxidizing agent | the chemical that is oxidizing something else (the one that's reduced) |
| reducing agent | the chemical that is reducing something else (the one that's oxidized) |
| half reaction | shows the oxidation half or the reduction half of the reactions (adding the two halved make the whole equation) |
| voltaic cell | an electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous chemical reaction causes a flow of electrons |
| electrolytic cell | cell that uses electrical energy to produce a chemical change that would otherwise not occur spontaneously |
| acids | compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
| bases | compounds that produce OH- in solution |
| Arrhenius theory | the simplest definition of acids and bases |
| Arrhenius acid | anything that ionizes in water and give off a hydrogen ion (H+) AKA hydronium ion (H3o+) |
| Arrhenius base | anything that gives off an OH⁻ |
| neutralization reaction | acid + base → salt + water |
| titration | a measured neutralization reaction (used to find an unknown) MV=MV |
| "Alternate" acid theory | acids donate a proton (H⁺) |
| bases gain a proton (H+) | |
| pH | measure of how basic or acidic something is, low pH is acidic |
| radioactive isotopes | called radioisotopes, all elements above atomic number 83 are radioactive and unstable (some below too) |
| transmutation | when the nucleus of one atom transforms into the nucleus of a different atom |
| alpha decay | when an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle (weakest) |
| beta decay | when an unstable nucleus emits a beta particle |
| positron decay | when an unstable nucleus emits a positron |
| gamma radiation | when an unstable nucleus emits a gamma ray (strongest) |
| artificial transmutation | when an atom is hit by a particle (two things before the arrow) |
| natural transmutation | when an atom decays without any other particles (one thing before the arrow) |
| half-life | the amount of time it takes for half a nuclear substance to decay |
| fission | a large atomic nucleus is split into two particles after a NEUTRON is shot at it, gives off energy (converted from mass) |
| fusion | two small nuclei stick together to form a larger one (happens in the sun), gives off energy (converted from mass) |
| alcohols | have an -OH group |
| aldehyde | double bonded oxygen at the end of a carbon chain |
| ketone | double bonded oxygen somewhere in the MIDDLE of the chain branching off a carbon |
| organic acid | double bonded oxygen next to an -OH at the end of the chain |
| amine | an NH₂ branch somewhere along the chain |
| amide | an NH₂ and a double bonded oxygen on the end of a chain |
| substitution | replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon with another group |
| addition | adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond |
| esterfication | the process of making an ester from an organic acid and alcohol |
| saponification | when an ester reacts with a base to make an alcohol and soap |
| fermentation | when yeast breaks up sugar to make ethanol and carbon dioxide |
| polymerization | forming one large chain from small pieces (addition of multiple monomers) |
| isomer | compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structure |
| factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration | increasing concentration increases the rate of a reaction |
| factors affecting rates of reaction: surface area | Increasing surface area increases the rate of a reaction |
| factors affecting rates of reaction: pressure | higher pressure = faster |
| factors affecting rates of reaction: catalysts | presence of catalyst = faster |
| (creates an easier pathway for the reaction) | |
| factors affecting rates of reaction: temperature | higher temperature = faster |
| activation energy | amount of energy needed for the reaction to happen |
| heat of reaction | difference between the potential energy of the reactants and the products (ΔH) |
| equilibrium | a reaction where the rates are equal and the concentrations are constant |
| phase equilibrium | when the processes of freezing and melting or evaporating and condensing are occurring at equal rates |
| solution equilibrium | the rate of dissolving and the rate of crystallization are equal |
| chemical equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. |
| Le Châtelier's principle | System shifts to counteract changes in equilibrium. |
| entropy | the measure of randomness in a system |
| chemical property | how a substance reacts with other chemicals |
Created by:
mharms
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