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TFs & IDTs
Transcription factors & intracellular drug targets.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Gene Expression. | The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, i.e., proteins. |
| Define Transcription. | The process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is transferred to a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| What is transcription facilitated by? | RNA polymerase and transcription factors. |
| Define Translation. | The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. |
| What are the 5 types of RNA? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and miRNA/siRNA. |
| What is the function of mRNA (Messenger RNA)? | To encode the amino acid sequence of polypeptides. |
| What is the function of tRNA (Transfer RNA)? | To transport amino acids to ribosomes during translation. |
| What is the function of rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)? | To form complexes called ribosomes with protein; the structure on which mRNA is translated. |
| What is the function of snRNA (Small Nuclear RNA)? | To form complexes with proteins used in eukaryotic RNA processing (e.g., exon splicing and intron removal). |
| What is the function of miRNA/siRNA (MicroRNA/Small Interfering RNA)? | To shorten RNA sequences that bind to 3' UTR target mRNAs and result in gene silencing. |
| Define Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases. | Enzymes that perform the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. |
| RNA polymerase I transcibes _____? | Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). |
| RNA polymerase II transcibes _____? | mRNAs, tRNAs, snRNAs, and miRNA/siRNAs. |
| Define Transcription Factors. | Proteins that bind DNA; they enhance or repress gene expression. |
| What are Activators? | Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA at distant sites known as enhancers. These proteins increase the rate of transcription. |
| What are Coactivators? | Transcription factors that transmit signals from activator proteins to the general factors. |
| What are General Factors? | Transcription factors that position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein-coding sequence to initiate transcription. |
| What is Estrogen? | A steroid (sex hormones & corticosteroids). |
| State the primary function of estrogen. | The development of female secondary sexual characteristics; e.g. breast, endometrium, menstrual cycle. |
| What happens to estrogen receptors in the absence of estrogen molecules? | Receptors are inactive and have no influence on DNA (which contains the cell's genes). |
| What are the two types of estrogen receptor (ER) genes and where are they located? | ER-alpha, and ER-beta; they are located on separate chromosomes. |
| What encodes ER-alpha? | ESR1. |
| What encodes ER-beta? | ESR2. |
| How does cancer arise? | From DNA mutations in cells. |
| What is Tamoxifen? | An ER antagonist in breast tissue (it inhibits the estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer); it is also a partial ER agonist in endometrium & bone (which stimulates growth). |
| What is Raloxifene? | An antagonist in breast & endometrium, and an agonist in bone (decreases bone resorption). |
| What is Clomifene? | An ER antagonist in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland. |
Created by:
Smileyfeng
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