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Reaction Mechanisms

Explore reaction types: substitution, elimination, addition, and radicals.

QuestionAnswer
What are substitution reactions? Reactions where one functional group is replaced by another, i.e., substituted.
What are the two types of substitution reactions to be considered? SN1 and SN2.
What is the most common substitution reaction? SN2.
What does SN2 stand for? Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular.
What does Bimolecular mean? There are two reactants involved in the rate determining step (rds).
What is the rate determining step? The slowest step in the reaction mechanism.
Stereocentres undergo what as a consequence of an SN2 process? Inversion of configuration.
Why do stereocentres in SN2 processes undergo inversion of configuration? Because of a back attack from a nucleophile.
What does SN1 stand for? Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular.
What does Unimolecular mean? There is only one reactant involved in the rate determining step.
What order reaction is SN1? First-order reaction.
What order reaction is SN2? Second-order reaction.
Express the rate of a SN1 reaction in an equation. Rate = k[substrate].
Express the rate of a SN2 reaction in an equation. Rate = k[substrate][nucleophile].
What features affect SN2? The structure of the substrate, the nucleophile, the leaving group, and the solvent.
What features affect SN1? The structure of the substrate, the leaving group, and the solvent.
What are carbocations? Molecules in which a carbon atom has a positive charge and three bonds. They are electron deficient and high in energy.
How can a carbocation be stabilised? By electron-donating groups.
Define inductive effects. Unequal sharing or bonded electrons within a single bond.
What is the +I effect? The R pushes (donates) electrons towards a C atom.
What is the -I effect? The X pulls (accepts) electrons away from a C atom.
State the order of stabilities of carbocations. Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl.
What substitution reaction does primary substrates favour? SN2.
What substitution reaction does methyl substrates favour? SN2.
What substitution reaction does secondary substrates favour? Secondary substrates can undergo both SN1 and SN2.
Small R groups and a powerful nucleophile lead to a preference for ___? SN2.
Large R groups and a weak nucleophile lead to a preference for ___? SN1.
Which substitution reaction lead to inversion of configuration (if chiral)? SN2.
Which substitution reaction lead to racemisation (if chiral)? SN1.
What are elimination reactions? Reactions where a molecule loses atoms or groups.
What are types of possible elimination reactions? E1 and E2.
What does E1 stand for? Elimination Unimolecular.
Which substitution reaction can E1 be competitive with? SN1.
What does E2 stand for? Elimination Bimolecular.
Which substitution reaction can E2 be competitive with? SN2.
What substitution reaction does tertiary substrates favour? SN1.
What are addition reactions? Reactions where two compounds are added together to make a new compound. In this reaction, a double or triple bond is broken to form two new single bonds.
An unsymmetrical alkene can form ______? Two products (regioisomers).
Define Markovnikov's rule. The hydrogen of the hydrogen halide ends up attached to the alkene carbon atom that contains the greatest number of hydrogen atoms.
What are the two possible products formed when Br2 is added to H? syn and anti (sometimes called cis and trans).
What are radicals? Species that contain unpaired electrons.
How many fundamental steps are in a radical reaction? 3.
Name the 3 fundamental steps in a radical reaction. Initiation, propagation, termination.
What is the initiation step? Formation of radicals.
What is the propagation step? Reaction of a radical with a non-radical to generate a new radical species.
What is the termination step? Combination of two radicals to form a non-radical.
Created by: Smileyfeng
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