Effectors can be described as

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Anatomy & Physiology

Quiz questions from both classes

Question	Answer
Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function?	Intracellular regulation
The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different values at different times of the day. These cycles are called	Circadian cycles
To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n)	Feedback control loop
The normal reading or range is called the	Set point
Effectors can be described as	Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables
Local control or ______, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals.	Autoregulation
The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefoe, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as	Organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms.
Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation?	Nervous and endocrine
Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are	Slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range
Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as	Homeostatic control mechanisms
Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include	Intracellular, intrinsic, and extrinsic
What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference?	Afferent
Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of	Positive feedback
Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop?	Sensor mechanism, integrating center, effector, and feedback
The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called	Feed-forward
The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as	Homeostasis
The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _______ plane.	Transverse
The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except: stomach, pancreas, heart, reproductive organs	Heart
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? Digestion, balance, conductivity, circulation, reproduction	Balance
An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n):	Tissue
Molecules are:	Atoms combines to form larger chemical aggregates
The gallbladder lies in the:	Abdominal cavity
A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called:	Sagittal
What describes anatomical position?	Head pointing forward, body standing erect, palms facing forward
Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n):	Organ
From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are:	Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
A sagittal section divides the body into ______ portions.	Right and left
Two major cavities of the human body are:	Ventral/dorsal
Blood production is a function of which system?	Skeletal
The brain is _______ as compared to the skull?	Deep
A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know how to find it in the __________ region.	Right hypochondriac
An x-ray tech has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included?	Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac
An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n):	Tissue
The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are:	Cells
The number of abdominal regions are:	Nine
If your reference point is "farthest away from the trunk of the body" versus "nearest to the trunk of the body," where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle?	Proximal
Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of:	Organelles
The mediastinum contains all of the following except the: trachea, venae cavae, right lung, esophagus	Right lung
Popliteal refers to the:	Area behind the knee
A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is:	Coronal (or frontal)
When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n):	Tissue
The structure that is called the "powerhouse" of the cell is the:	Mitochondria
The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: testes, ovaries, ureter, penis	Ureter
The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint??	Umbilicus
The lungs are located in the:	Thoracic cavity
What is the anatomical direction that means nearer the surface?	Superficial
Intracellular parasires that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called:	Viruses
Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of:	The body trying to maintain homeostasis and a negative feedback mechanism
Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? Effector mechanism, transmitter, sensor, integrating center	Transmitter
The term that literally means self-immunity is:	Autoimmunity
Pathogenesis can be defined as:	The course of disease development
Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? Environment, stress, lifestyle, all of the above	All of the above
Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis?	Reproductive
Positive-feedback control systems:	Accelerate a change
If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions?	Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions
Negative-feedback control systems:	Oppose a change
Intrinsic control:	Is sometimes called autoregulation
Negative-feedback mechanisms:	Minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, and are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature
The body's thermostat is located in the	Hypothalamus
Homeostasis can be best described as:	A state of relative constancy
Of the pathogenic organisms, which is the most complex?	Tapeworms
What is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease?	Prion
The normal reading or range of normal is called the:	Set point
The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _______ feedback.	Positive
Epidemiology is the study of the ______ of diseases in human populations.	Occurence, distribution, and transmission
The most important monosaccharide is	Glucose
A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. True or False	False
The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is	Prostaglandin
A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a	Nucleic acid
Which term means "water loving" and applies to the phospholipid head?	Hydrophilic
Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n)	Polymer
Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. True or false	True
The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called	Organic molecules
All proteins have which four elements?	Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
In base pairing of DNA molecules, ______ is bound to _____.	Adenine; thymine
What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules?	Functional group
When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. True or false	False
Proteins are polymers of	Amino acids
DNA and RNA are important because	Information molecules
What determines how a protein performs?	Shape
RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. True or false	False
A saturated fatty acid is one in which	All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled
Which of these is not a lipid? Fat, steroid, cholesterol, polysaccharide	Polysaccharide
Which of the following polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch?	Glycogen
ATP	Is the form of energy that cells generally use
The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are:	Steroids
A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a:	Phospholipid and steroid
Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? Proteins, salts, lipids, nucleic acids	Salts
What is true of both triglycerides and phospholipids?	They both contain glycerol and fatty acids
Prostaglandins and steriods share what characteristics?	Both have a ring structure in their molecule
All of the following substances are organic except: lipids, electrolytes, carbohydrates, proteins	Electrolytes
The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called:	Dehydration synthesis
The basic building blocks of fats are:	Fatty acids and glycerol
Sometimes referred to as animal starch _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body.	Glycogen
The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tell you that the compound is made of ____, with ____ being the dominant component.	Carbohydrate and protein; protein
Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids?	Primary
DNA:	Is a double-helix strand of nucletides
The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure?	Secondary
Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide?	Creatine phosphate
The amino group in an amino acid is:	NH3+
The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is:	Nitrogen
Which lipid is part of vitamin D?	Steroids
The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories?	Structural and functional
Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called:	Essential amino acids
What is true of carbohydrates?	They include substances commonly called sugars, they are the body's primary source of energy, and they are a part of both DNA and RNA.
Hydrolysis ______ a water molecule.	Breaks down compounds by adding
The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be	Polar
Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called:	Covalent
Acids	Release hydrogen ions
What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond?	Hydrolysis
A molecule that is polar:	Can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond.	Covalent
The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of:	Protons in its nucleus
What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells?	Metabolism
Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be	Polar
Which of the following is not a subatomic particle? Proton, electron, radon, neutron	Radon
The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains	Eight protons
The most abundant element essential to life is	Carbon
As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes ____, and the solution becomes more _____.	Down; acidic
As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) inreases, the:	Solution becomes more basic and the pH rises.
Electrolytes are:	Called cations if they have a positive charge
Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the:	Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Salts	Can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases, are electrolytes, and will form crystals if the water is removed.
A substance that can be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n)	Element
Which subatomic particles carry a charge?	Protons and electrons
As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits?	Hydrolysis
The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a:	Synthesis reaction
The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _______ reaction.	Synthesis
Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances?	Decomposition reaction
The elements of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body?	96%
An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons.	Eight
Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. The tendency is called the	Octet rule
An element that contains the same number of protons but different number of neutrons is called a(n)	Isotope
For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must:	Lose an electron
A weak acid:	Dissociates very little in solution
Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called	Electrolytes
A force holding two atoms together is a(n)	Chemical bond
The atomic number tells you the	Number of protons in the nucleus
The chest is ________ to the abdomen.	Superior
Which region is found on the posterior side of the knee?	Popliteal region
As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to:	the infero-medial aspect of the back
The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region.	Anterior
An example of a tissue in the body is	Epithelium
The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the ________ cavity.	Dorsal
All of the following are characteristics of human life except: growth, responsiveness, reproduction, synthesis by scientists	Synthesis by scientists
Regareding directional terns, superior means	Torward the head
Where is the mental region located?	The chin
Anatomy is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism.	Structure
Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant?	Gallbladder
Muscles are ________ to the skin.	Deep
A frontal plane is the same as a _______ plane.	Coronal
The gluteal region is ______ to the popliteal region.	Superior
Another name for the midsagittal plane is	Median
The knee is ______ to the foot.	Proximal
Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages?	Developmental anatomy
The brain is ________ to the skull.	Deep
Where is the umbilical region located?	Lower part of the abdomen, where the navel lies.
________ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ.	Medullary; cortical
Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? heart, spinal cord, liver, urinary bladder	Spinal cord
The inguinal region lies	Where the thigh joins the trunk
The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are	Axial and appendicular
The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the ________ cavities.	Abdominal and pelvic
The plane that divides the body into front and back portions is the ___________ plane.	Coronal
Where is the femoral region located?	Front upper leg; thigh
The dorsal cavity is subdivided into a cranial and a spinal cavity? True or false	True
A coronal section through the human body can	Pass through both ears
The ________ system is involved in immunity.	Lymphatic
An example of a catabolic process is:	Hydrolysis
The process of digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction?	Decomposition
An isotope of an element contains different numbers of _____ from other atoms of the same element.	Neutrons
When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share:	Electrons
Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? oxygen, zinc, carbon, potassium	Zinc
The study of metabolism includes examination of: catabolism, anabolism, APT requirements, all of the above	All of the above
The most abundaant and important compound(s) in the body is(are):	Water
The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell?	Four
What represents properties of water?	High specific heat, high heat of vapoization, strong polarity
They type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) ______ reaction.	Synthesis
Acids:	Are protein donors, taste sour, release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution
An example of an element would be:	Ne
An ionic bond is formed by:	A positive and a negative ion attracting each other
The approximate pH of gastric fluid is:	2
The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of:	One proton and two neutrons
Atomic mass is determined by the number of:	Protons and neutrons
AB + CD ---> AD + CB is an example of a(n) ______ reaction.	Exchange
A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) ________ solution.	Alkaline (basic)
The octet rule refers to the:	Stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level
As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the:	Solution becomes more acidic
Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water?	50%
The kind of element is determined by the number of:	Protons
Which kind of bond is the weakest?	Hydrogen
Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is:	Two
The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called:	Dehydration synthesis
A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain ______ protons, _____ neutrons, and ________ electrons.	12; 13; 10
Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called:	Bases
Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? sulfur, chlorine, iron, phosphorus	Iron

Created by: Scummings03

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