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rock sycle
| Rocks | Make up the earth's crust, that are made of a mixture of minerals and other materials |
| Classifying Rocks pt 1 | A. Texture: the look and feel of the rocks surface; the grain: what gives the rock its texture. 1. Grain size 2. Grain shape 3. Grain pattern 4. No visible grain |
| Classifying Rocks pt 2 | B. Mineral Composition: geologists use a microscope to observe the shape and size of the rock’s crystals. C. Origin: 1. Sedimentary: forms in layers 2. Igneous: forms from magma or lava 3. Metamorphic: formed deep underground |
| Igneous Rocks Classified : formed from intense heat that comes from magma or lava. pt 1 | A. Extrusive Rocks: igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface |
| Igneous Rocks Classified: formed from intense heat that comes from magma or lava. pt 2 | B. Intrusive Rocks: igneous rocks formed from magma that hardens beneath Earth's surface. |
| Sedimentary Rocks Classified | formed from layers of sediment deposited by water and wind; sediment: small solid pieces of rock or living things. |
| Changing sediments to rocks | A. Erosion: wind or water carry sediments B. Deposition: when the water or wind stops carrying the sediments C. Compaction: presses sediments together D. Cementation: when dissolved minerals and sediment glue together. |
| Types of Sedimentary Rocks: | A.Clastic Rocks: formed sedimentary rocks are squeezed together 1. Examples: shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and breccia B. Organic Rocks: formed when layers of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers 1. Examples: coal, and limestone |
| Types of sedimentary Rocks: | C. Chemical Rocks: when minerals are dissolved in a solution crystallize 4. Uses of Sedimentary Rocks: A. Limestone and sandstone: building materials B. Coal: fossil fuel |
| texture | depends upon the size and shape of crystals |
| Porphyritic texture | late crystals surrounded by small crystals, witch form when magma cools in two stages |
| uses of igneous rocks | used because they are hard, dense and durable |
| basalt | gravel |
| pumice | cleaning and polishing |
| perlite | soil mixes |
| obsidian | sharp tool |
| granite | building materials |
| sedimentary rocks classified | formed from layers of sediment deposited by water and wind; sediment: small solid peices of a rock of living things |
| changing sedimentary rocks | A. ersion,: wind or water carry sediments B. Deposition: when the water or wind stops carrying the sediments C. Compaction: presses sediments together D. Cementation: when dissolved mainerals and sediments glue together |
| coal | fossil fuel |
| O Horizon (Organic Layer) | This is the uppermost layer, composed of organic matter like decaying leaves, plant matter, and humus. |
| A Horizon (Topsoil): | This is the fertile, dark-colored layer where most plant roots grow, containing a mix of organic matter and mineral particles. |
| E Horizon (Eluvial Layer): | This is a light-colored layer that has been leached of clay, iron, and organic matter as water percolates through the soil. |
| B Horizon (Subsoil) | This layer is typically lighter in color than the topsoil and contains minerals and clay that have been leached from the upper layers. |
| C Horizon (Weathered Parent Material): | This layer consists of partially altered bedrock and is the transition zone between the soil and the underlying bedrock. |
| R Horizon (Bedrock): | This is the solid rock layer that lies beneath the soil. |
| The Rock Cycle | Forces inside the Earth and at the surface of the Earth produce a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust. |
| 2. Plate Tectonics pt 1 | A. Sub-ducting Oceanic Plates: Plate movements (downward) drive the rock cycle by pushing rocks back into the mantle, where they melt and become magma again. |
| 2. Plate Tectonics pt 2 | B. Colliding Continental Plates: Plate movement that causes folds, faulting, and uplifting of the crust that move rocks through the rock cycle. |
| Metamorphic Rocks Classified | formed from heat and pressure deep beneath the earth's surface change sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic |
| metamorphic rocks A | A. Grains: the arrangement of the grains 1. Foliated: grains arranged in parallel layers or bands 2. Non-foliated: mineral grains are arranged randomly |
| Uses of Metamorphic Rocks: | A. Marble: building materials B. Slate: flooring, roofing, chalkboards |
| 3. Changed Rocks: | A. Limestone to marble B. Sandstone to quartzite C. Shale to slate D. Granite to gneiss |
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