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Regents Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Observation | What is seen or measured |
| Inference | A conclusion based on observation or evidence. |
| Hypothesis | A prediction based on available evidence. A good hypothesis states both cause and effect. |
| Theory | An explanation of natural events that is supported by strong evidence. |
| Experimental group | Group being tested or receiving treatment. |
| Control group | “Normal” group. Should be identical to experimental group in every way except one: it does not receive the new treatment. |
| Placebo | A sugar pill or other “fake” treatment given to the control group. |
| Independent Variable | (I change) Variable that is being tested (ex: new drug, new fertilizer, magic hair growing shampoo ). |
| Dependent Variable | (D Data) Variable that is measured at the end of an experiment; the results. |
| Organic Compounds | Have Carbon AND Hydrogen (C6H12O6 is organic, H2O is not since it is missing the Carbon). |
| Four specific jobs of proteins | 1) enzymes 2) receptor molecules on the cell membrane. These are used to receive chemical messages (like hormones). 3) antibodies (proteins which fight infection) 4) hormones (chemical messengers) |
| pH Scale | The pH scale measures the strengths of acids and bases. a. A low pH (0-6) is an acid b. A high pH (8-14) is a base c. A pH of 7 is neutral (water) |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations. Requires no energy (passive transport). |
| Active Transport | requires the use of energy, usually moving molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration (against the flow of diffusion). |
| Osmosis | is the diffusion of water into or out of the cell. If water diffuses into the cell, the cell swells (get larger) and may burst. If it loses water (being put in salt water for example) it will shrivel up. |
| Autotrophs | Make their own food, while heterotrophs eat other organisms. |
| Photosynthesis | is carried out by plants, alga and blue-green bacteria (autotrophs). It takes the radiant energy of the sun and puts it in the bonds of sugar molecules. |
| stimulus | is a change in the environment that you respond to. |
| cell theory | a. All living things are made of 1 or more cells. b. Cells carry out all of an organism's life functions. c. All cells come from other cells. |
| Cell membrane | Separates interior of cell from outside environment. Lets food, oxygen & water in. Lets waste products out. |
| Cell wall | Provides protection and stability (Plant Cell). |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell (Contains DNA). |
| Chloroplast | Where Photosynthesis takes place. (Only Plant Cell ) |
| Cytoplasm | The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Holds the components of the cell and protects them from damage. |
| Ribosome | Responsible for making proteins. |
| Mitochondria | “Power House” Makes ATP for energy. |
| endocrine system | Uses hormones to regulate the body along. |
| Respiratory System | Breathing provides oxygen needed for chemical respiration (which releases energy from sugar). It also excretes the waste CO2 which is produced from respiration. |
| Asexual reproduction | SINGLE parent cell produces identical daughter cells (identical to parent) |
| Sexual reproduction | TWO parents (NOT identical to parents) Genetic make up of 2 unite to form a single new cell |
| Mitosis | 1. Used in all forms of asexual reproduction. 2. The number and types of chromosomes in the daughter cells are the same as in the parent cell. 3. One division of a cell into two identical, diploid (2n) cells. |
| Meiosis | 1. Makes gametes (sex cells) used in sexual reproduction. 2. One cell divides twice into four DIFFERENT haploid (1n) cells. |
| Testes | produce and store sperm |
| Testosterone | male sex hormone, and is made in the testes |
| Ovaries | produce eggs |
| Ovulation | release of an egg |
| fallopian | tube carries the egg to the uterus |
| uterus | is the womb where the baby will develop |
| zygote | (fertilized cell, first cell) develops into an embryo and then into a fetus. |
| Evolution | Modern species evolved from earlier, different species and share a common ancestor. |
| Overpopulation | Species produce more offspring than can survive. |
| Competition | A struggle to survival due to limited resources, predators and mates. |
| Variation | Differences within species due to mutations and sexual reproduction. |
| Survival of the Fittest | Traits that help an organism survive in an environment |
| Natural Selection | Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes. |
| Common Ancestor | Most recent shared ancestral species from which the species evolved. |
| Ecology | The study of organisms and their environment |
| Biotic | The living components (organisms) that shape up the environment (plants and animals) |
| Abiotic | A non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment (soil, rocks, temperature, moisture, sunlight) |
| Habitat | The natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism |
| Niche | The role/job an organism has in an environment |
| Population | All the organisms of a species that live in the same area |
| Community | All the different populations that live in a specified area |
| Ecosystem | Interaction of all communities (abiotic and biotic) |
| Biosphere | Where living things are found on earth |
| Biome | All the ecosystems that have a similar climate |
| Herbivore | An organism that feeds on autotrophs |
| Prey | The food source for other organisms |
| Heterotroph | Organism that feed on primary consumers; often a carnivore |
| Producer | Usually food chains start with an organism that makes its own food. |
| Decomposer | Recycle nutrients (Bacteria and fungi) |
| Energy pyramid | Graphic that shows the energy available at each level |
| Food Chain | A sequence of living things that shows who eats whom |
| Ecological Succession | Series of changes by which on ecosystem changes into another. |
| Climax Community | Community that has undergone several changes; has the most stable group of plants. |
| Pioneer Organisms | The first organisms to colonize an ecosystem. |
| Limiting Factors | Factors in the environment that limit the size of populations, such as amount of light available for plants. |
| Biodiversity | Measurement of all the variation in a given area |
| Adaptation | A change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment. |
| Fossil Record | Chronological collection of life's remains in rock layers. Pictures of the past. |
| cell respiration | The process in which nutrients are broken apart, releasing the chemical energy stored in them |
| Synthesis | a life process that involves combining simple substances into more complex substances |
| digestion | the process that breaks down large food molecules into simpler molecules that the organism can use |
| catalyst | a substance that can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or used up during the reaction |
| mutation | any alteration in the sequence of DNA |
| genetic engineering | a set of technologies that humans use to alter the genetic instructions of an organism by substituting DNA molecules |
| selective breeding | the process of choosing a few organisms with desirable traits to serve as the parents of the next generation |
| population | All the individuals of a single species that live in a specific area |
| community | A combination of all the different populations that live and interact in the same environment |
| biosphere | All of Earth’s ecosystems, collectively; the biologically inhabited portions of Earth, including all of the water, land, and air in which organisms survive |
| competition | The struggle between organisms for the same limited resources in a particular area |
| limiting factors | Any factor in the environment that limits the size of a population |
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