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ENGLISH FINAL REVIEW
By HS8A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antonyms | Words that have opposite meanings |
| Synonyms | Words that have the same or nearly the same meaning as another word |
| Connotation | Emotional, cultural, or associative meanings that a word carries beyond its literal definition (denotation) |
| Denotation | Literal or primary meaning of a word, independent of any emotional, cultural, or personal associations |
| Nuance | Subtle or slight difference in meaning, tone, or feeling |
| Formal Language | More complex and precise vocabulary that avoids slang, contractions, and colloquialisms |
| Informal Language | Simple, conversational, and casual, uses common slang, contractions, and everyday expressions are used |
| Main Idea | Primary point or central argument that a writer is trying to convey in a text, passage, or paragraph |
| Style of Writing | Tone, Formality, Structure, Voice, etc. |
| Audience for Writing | Academic, Children, Technical, etc. |
| Purpose of Writing | To Persuade, to Inform, To Entertain, To Describe, To Clarify, To Reflect, To Evaluate, To Summarize, etc. |
| Topic Statement | Brief summary or declaration of what a text, paragraph, or essay is about |
| Theme (Moral/Lesson) | Underlying message, lesson, or central insight that the writer conveys through the story, poem, or text |
| Personal Narrative | A type of narrative writing that tells a story about the writer’s own life or experiences |
| 3 Essentials to a Personal Narrative | Conflict, Change/Resolution, Descriptive Language |
| Horizontal Writing | Chronological approach to storytelling, where events unfold in the order they occur, from beginning to end |
| Vertical Writing | Narrative can move back and forth between different moments or periods of time, often in a non-linear way, instead of following a strict chronological order |
| Show Not Tell | A writing technique that encourages writers to depict scenes, emotions, or ideas through descriptive language and actions, rather than just stating them outright |
| Dialogue (Lead) | Begins with a line of dialogue spoken by character(s), typically used in fictional writing |
| Descriptive (Lead) | Opening part of a piece of writing that grabs the reader’s attention and sets the tone for the rest of the text by using vivid description to engage the reader’s senses, create imagery, or spark curiosity |
| Action (Lead) | Opening in writing that starts with a dynamic or compelling action to immediately grab the reader's attention, drawing the reader into the story by presenting something exciting, urgent, or intriguing right away |
| Anecdote (Lead) | Opening in writing that begins with a short, engaging personal story or experience, aims to capture the reader’s attention by sharing a brief, relatable, or interesting event |
| Summary (Lead) | Opening that provides a brief overview or summary of the main idea or topic of the writing, gives the reader a clear sense of what the piece will be about right from the start, often in a concise, straightforward manner |
| Factual (Lead) | Opening in writing that begins by presenting clear, factual information, quickly establishes important details or data relevant to the topic |
| Rhetorical Question (Lead) | Opening that begins with a question that doesn't require an answer, designed to engage the reader, provoke thought, or highlight an issue |
| Quotation (Lead) | Opening in writing that begins with a quote from a person, a famous source, or a piece of literature |
| Dialogue (Writing) | The spoken exchanges between characters in a story, play, or any narrative work |
| Inner VS. Outer Conflict | Character VS Character/Self/Society/Nature/Technology/Supernatural |
| Situational Irony | Occurs when there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens |
| Dramatic Irony | Audience or reader knows something that the characters in the story do not |
| Verbal Irony | When someone says the opposite of what they really mean, often for emphasis or humor, similar to sarcasm |
| Transitional Words and Phrases | Words or expressions used to link or connect ideas, sentences, or paragraphs |
| Addition (Transition) | Adds more information (in addition, furthermore, moreover, also, etc.); “I finished my homework early. Moreover, I had time to play outside.” |
| Contrast (Transition) | Shows differences or opposites (however, on the other hand, but, nevertheless, etc.); “She loves playing sports. On the other hand, her brother prefers watching them.” |
| Cause and Effect (Transition) | Shows the relationship between cause and outcome (because, therefore, as a result, so, etc.); “The team practiced hard all week. Therefore, they won the game.” |
| Sequence/Time (Transition) | Shows the order of events (first, next, then, finally, etc.); “We woke up early. Next, we had breakfast, and then we went for a walk.” |
| Example/Clarification (Transition) | Provides an example or clarifies an idea (for example, such as, for instance, etc.); “There are many ways to stay healthy, for instance, eating balanced meals and exercising regularly.” |
| Simile | A comparison between two things using "like" or "as” |
| Metaphor | A direct comparison between two things without using "like" or "as" |
| Hyperbole | An exaggeration used for emphasis or effect |
| Personification | Giving human qualities to nonhuman things or abstract ideas |
| Understatement | Making something seem less important or smaller than it actually is |
| Alliteration | The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words in a sentence |
| Assonance | The repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words to create a certain effect, usually in poetry or prose |
| Onomatopoeia | Words that imitate natural sounds |
| Imagery | Descriptive language that appeals to the senses and creates a picture in the reader’s mind |
| Idiom | A phrase that has a meaning different from the literal meanings of its words |
| Oxymoron | A figure of speech where two contradictory terms are placed together |
| Pun | A play on words that has more than one meaning or sounds like another word |
| Anacoluthon | A sentence that starts with one idea but ends with a completely different one, often used for dramatic effect |
| Synecdoche | A figure of speech where a part of something represents the whole, or the whole represents a part |
| Anecdoche | When two people are talking at the same time but about different topics, not listening to each other |
| Anecdote | A short, personal story used to illustrate a point or entertain |
| Imagery | Descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) to help the reader imagine a scene or experience |
| Mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a piece of writing creates for the reader |
| Tone | Author’s attitude or feeling toward the subject or audience |
| Rhythm | Pattern of sounds and the beat in writing, how the words flow together in a repeated, regular pattern |
| Time Tense Agreement | Tense of verbs must stay consistent in a sentence or paragraph |
| Number Tense Agreement | Singular or plural subjects and verbs must match in number |
| Subject | Person, place, thing, or idea that the sentence is about |
| Predicate | Part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or what happens to it |
| Compound Sentence | two or more independent clauses connected by a conjunction (like "and," "but," "or") |
| Compound Subject | Two or more subjects connected by "and" or "or" |
| Compound Predicate | Two or more actions or verbs connected by "and" or "or" that share the same subject |
| Complete Thought | A sentence that has both a subject and a predicate, and expresses a full idea |
| 1st Person | Narrator is a character in the story, using pronouns like "I" or "we" |
| 2nd Person | Narrator speaks directly to the reader using the pronoun "you" |
| 3rd Person Omniscient | Narrator knows everything about all characters, including their thoughts and feelings |
| 3rd Person Objective | Narrator only describes what is seen or heard; they do not know any character’s thoughts or feelings |
| 3rd Person Limited | Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of only one character, usually the protagonist |
| Exposition | Beginning of a story where the setting, characters, and conflict are introduced |
| Rising Action: | Series of events that build tension and lead up to the climax of the story |
| Climax | Turning point of the story where the main character faces the biggest challenge or conflict |
| Falling Action: | Events that happen after the climax, leading toward the story's resolution |
| Resolution | End of the story where all the conflicts are resolved |
| Dystopia | Fictional society that is unpleasant, often characterized by oppression, suffering, or dehumanization |
| Utopia | Fictional society that is perfect and without problems, often the opposite of a dystopia |
| Foreshadowing | Technique where the author gives hints or clues about what will happen later in the story |
| Plot Twist | An unexpected change in the direction or outcome of the story |
| Cliffhanger | A dramatic ending to a scene or chapter that leaves the reader in suspense |
| Nouns | A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea |
| Verbs | A word that shows action or state of being |
| Adverbs | A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often telling how, when, where, or to what degree |
| Adjectives: | A word that describes or modifies a noun |
| Pronouns | A word that takes the place of a noun |
| Preposition of Place | A preposition that shows where something is located |
| Prepositions of Time | A preposition that shows when something happens |
| Prepositions of Movement/Direction | A preposition that shows the direction or movement of something |
| Personal Pronoun | A pronoun that refers to a specific person or thing |
| Possessive Pronoun | A pronoun that shows ownership or possession |
| Reflexive Pronoun | A pronoun that refers back to the subject of the sentence |
| Demonstrative Pronoun | A pronoun used to point to specific things or people |
| Interrogative Pronoun | A pronoun used to ask a question |
| Relative Pronoun | A pronoun that connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun |
| Indefinite Pronoun | A pronoun that does not refer to a specific person, thing, or amount |
| Subjective Pronoun Case | A pronoun used as the subject of a sentence |
| Objective Pronoun Case | A pronoun used as the object of a verb or preposition |
| 1st Person Pronoun Perspective | Narrator tells the story using pronouns like "I" or "we," from their own viewpoint |
| 2nd Person Pronoun Perspective | Narrator speaks directly to the reader using "you" |
| 3rd Person Pronoun Perspective | Narrator tells the story about other people using pronouns like "he," "she," or "they" |
| Past Perfect | Describes an action that was completed before another action in the past |
| Present Perfect | Describes an action that started in the past and continues into the present or has an effect on the present |
| Future Perfect | Describes an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future |
| Cause and Effect | Shows how one event (cause) leads to another event (effect) |
| Chronological | Presents events in the order they happened, from first to last |
| Compare and Contrast | Explains the similarities and differences between two things |
| Problem and Solution | Explains a problem and suggests ways to solve it |
| Description | Gives details to describe a person, place, or thing |
| Declarative | A sentence that makes a statement or provides information |
| Interrogative | A sentence that asks a question |
| Exclamatory | A sentence that expresses strong emotion |
| Imperative | A sentence that gives a command or makes a request |
| Predicate Nominative | A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject of the sentence |
| Predicate Adjective | A descriptive adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence |
| Linking Verbs | A verb that connects the subject of the sentence to a predicate nominative or predicate adjective, and does not show action |
| Direct Object | A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb in a sentence |
| Object of Preposition | A noun or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes the prepositional phrase |
| Pathos | Rhetorical appeal to emotion, aiming to persuade the audience by invoking feelings |
| Logos | Rhetorical appeal to reason or logic, aiming to persuade through facts, statistics, or logical arguments |
| Ethos | Rhetorical appeal to credibility or character, aiming to persuade by establishing the speaker’s trustworthiness or authority |
| Gerunds | A verb that ends in -ing and functions as a noun in a sentence |
| Participles | A verb that ends in -ing or -ed and functions as an adjective, describing a noun |
| Infinitives | The base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word "to", that can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb |
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