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Biomed Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an independent variable? | This is the thing in the experiment that is being changed by the researcher. |
| What is a dependent variable? | This is the thing in the experiment that is being measured by the researcher. |
| What is the control? | This is what is being compared to know whether anything changed. |
| What is the constant? | Things you want to keep the same because they might change the results. |
| What are the main components of blood? | Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. |
| What does hemoglobin do? | It is a protein found in the red blood cells that pick up oxygen from the air and move it to different parts of the body. |
| What are the 3 different types of blood? | A, B, and O |
| What is a standard curve? | A graph that plots known values which then allows the same properties to be determined for unknown samples by interpolation on the graph. |
| What is the structure and properties of DNA? | It is a double stranded helix that consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base. The four nitrogen bases are Adiene, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. A=T C=G |
| What is gel electrophoresis? | The separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge for analytical purposes. |
| How do forensic scientists use gel electrophoresis to help solve a crime? | DNA found at crime scenes can be analyzed and compared to suspect DNA in order to help solve the crime. |
| What are restriction enzymes? | A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences. |
| How do restriction enzymes help scientists study DNA? | They allows scientists to isolate and study individual genes or DNA fragments. |
| What direction does DNA migrate on a gel? | It migrates from the negative side towards the positive side. |
| If two samples have identical banding patterns what does it tell you about the subjects? | They are the same person. |
| What is cause of death? | The specific injury, trauma, or disease that directly caused the victim's death. |
| What is the mechanism of death? | What happens physiologically ( inside the body ) to result in death. |
| What is the manner of death? | The circumstances that result in death, which are designed as natural or unnatural. |
| How can the cause, mechanism, and manner of death be established? | through a comprehensive investigation, usually with a forensic autopsy, examination of the death scene, review of the victim's medical history, and using toxicology. |
| How do scientists determine time of death? | They look at factors such as body temperature, rigor mortis, and livor mortis, decomposition, and insect activity |
| Responds to internal and external changes by acting an appropriate response; processes information. | Nervous system. |
| Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; stores minerals. | Skeletal system. |
| Moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintains posture; produces heat. | Muscular system. |
| Forms the body's external covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; helps regulate body temperature. | Integumentary system. |
| Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells. | Endocrine system. |
| Pumps blood around the body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste. | Cardiovascular system. |
| Breaks down food into its nutrients molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of waste. | Digestive system. |
| Assists with gas exchange with the external environment; keep blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. | Respiratory system. |
| A complex network of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that defend the body against infection and disease, can provide immediate, non-specific responses, while also having a system that develops over time and targets specific pathogens. | Immune system. |
| A system that removes waste products from the body, maintains fluid balance, and regulates electrolyte levels. | Urinary system. |
| What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body. | Cells make up tissue, tissue make up organs, organs make up organ systems. |
| What is a toxicology report? How might it help to determine whether substances in the body played a role in a death? | A document detailing the presence and levels of chemicals, toxins, or poisons in a body sample. If the level of a certain toxic is high, that might be the cause of death. |
| What is a medical history? What types of information are included? | A record of information about a patient’s past and current health. Includes information about the patient’s habits, lifestyle, and the health of their family. |
| What are some important patient vital signs? | Pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, height, weight, BMI, oxygen saturation, body temperature. |
| Explain how the body maintains homeostasis. | Through feedback loops, the positive feedback loop which is a change that increases another variable and the negative feedback loop which is a change that reduces another variable. |
| What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? | Type 1 is when the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells leading to a complete lack of insulin production; type 2 is insulin resistance, where the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin and doesn't produce enough insulin to compensate. |
| What does it mean to be hyperglycemic and how does the body respond? | Also called high blood sugar, it occurs when blood glucose levels increase above the healthy range. It can cause buildups of acids and result in headaches, increased thirst, blurred vision, and weakness. |
| What does it mean to be hypoglycemic and how does the body respond. | Also called low blood sugar, it occurs when blood glucose levels drop below the healthy range. Some symptoms include sweating, hunger, sleepiness, lack of coordination. |
| What is a hormone? | A signaling molecule produced by glands. Induces a specific effect on the activity of cells |
| What is empathy and tact? | Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Tact is sensitivity in dealing with others or with difficult issues. |
| What is a karyotype? | An image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
| What are the stages of mitosis? When comparing the new cells how do they compare to the original cell? | The stages are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. They are identical. |
| What are the stages of meiosis? How do the new cells compare to the original cell? | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis II. |
| What happens in a substitution mutation and a frameshift mutation? Which causes more harm? | Substitution, one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is replaced by another. Frameshift, an insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides occurs, disrupting the normal reading frame of the genetic code. A frameshift causes more harm. |
| How many nucleotides in a codon? How many amino acids from 1 codon? | 3 nucleotides in a codon; 1 amino acid from 1 codon. |
| Describe transcription of DNA? | It's when the DNA --> mRNA. |
| Describe translation of mRNA? | It's when the mRNA --> amino acids. |
| Explain how chromosomal differences impact structure and function in the human body. | They can disrupt the normal development and functioning of organs and systems, sometimes resulting in genetic disorders or increased risks for certain diseases |
| What is epidemology? | A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, causes, and control of health problems in a population |
| What are different forms of evidence, how infallible (incapable of being wrong) are they, and how are they useful in resolving potential criminal cases? | Physical evidence, generally high infallibility especially DNA evidence, and crucial in linking suspects to crimes. Documentary evidence, medium to high infallibility, and provides a direct record of events. Testimonial evidence, medium to low infallible. |
| How can varying forms of evidence be evaluated for meaning? | Checking the credibility, relevance, reliability, and context for each item. |
| How does technology help bring resolution to forensic cases? Or how does technology advance the understandings in forensic science? | It enhances accuracy, speeds up analysis, uncovers new forms of evidence and improves how evidence is presented and understood. |
| How do investigators document a potential crime scene using sketches, measurements, and photography? | They take pictures, draw pictures, and measure places, in order to preserve the scene accurately for analysis, investigation, and legal proceedings. |
| What are some physiological changes that can occur as a result of providing false information? | Racing heart beat, sweaty hands or feet, increased stress or anxiety, guilt. |
| What is the experimental design process? | Identify a question, formulate a hypothesis, design an experiment, carry out the experiment, analyze the data, state the conclusion. |
| What information can be collected from an autopsy? | The cause of death, manner of death, mechanism of death, and diseases and medical conditions. |
| How can the cause, mechanism, and manner of death be established? | Through a combination of scene investigation, medical history review, autopsy, and studies. |
| How can information that is collected during an autopsy lead to an understanding of disease and or cause of death? | Through external and internal examination of the body, including microscopic examination of tissues and fluid samples, can identify injuries, diseases, or other factors that may have contributed to or caused the death |
| In what ways are the careful evaluation of evidence and accurate recording of data critical to establishing legitimate testimony. | They ensure accuracy, legibility, and credibility |
| What are the main steps of an autopsy? | External examination, internal examination, microscopic analysis, and toxicology and lab tests, and reconstruction and closure. |
| Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. | The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. CNS had brain and spinal cord; PNS has different nerves. |
| Explain how heart anatomy is related to function. | It helps pump blood efficiently throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. |
| How can individual pieces of evidence, evaluated against the whole, be used to resolve questions. | The evidence is used to answer specific questions about a case. The process of carefully analyzing and comparing evidence is vital in constructing what happened. |
| In what way can scientific writings and presentations be utilized to present evidence and justify conclusions? | They are used to present evidence and conclusions in a clear, systematic and convincing manner. These methods allow researchers and professionals to communicate their findings and support their conclusions, |
| To what extent can current understandings be reinforced through practice? | It can be significantly reinforced through practice. |
| How can changes in a genome lead to disease? | Mutations lead to changes in genetic code; change in protein synthesis. Protein = function |
| What information can be gathered from routine blood tests? | Complete blood count, Sugar levels, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. |
| How can pieces of evidence be evaluated to form conclusions and inform decisions? | Look for pathogens, specifically antigen markers, makes the antibodies "grab" the antigens |
| What is the reservoir in terms of infectious diseases? | Where pathogens live, reproduce, and are stored. |
| What is aseptic technique? | They are the cleaning of supplies and sterilizing them. They help get better results, and keeps all the germs and potentially dangerous things in the lab. |
| What is a Gram stain? What does it tell us about bacteria's cell components? | Purple = positive, Pink = negative, and rods (bacillus ), Spirals (spirillum) and Spheres (Coccus) |
| What are some techniques to reduce bleeding in a patient? | Tourniquet, pressure, pack wound, elevate above the heart. |
| What are some ethical issues that relate to triage? | Treat based on severity; age, race, gender, sex, and criminal background. |
| What factors make an individual more susceptible to disease? | Immunocompromised, poor exercise, smoking, exercise, and bad diet. |
| What are strategies for maintaining health? | Adequate exercise, diet, sleep, medication, mental health. |
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