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Anthro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | Evolution is the change in traits of populations over time |
| What is natural selection? | Natural selection is the survival and reproduction of the fittest individuals. |
| What does Mendelian genetics involve? | Mendelian genetics involves traits being passed from parents to offspring. |
| What is the Modern Synthesis? | The Modern Synthesis combines Mendelian genetics with Darwin’s theory of evolution. |
| What is directional selection? | Directional selection favors one extreme trait. |
| What is stabilizing selection? | Stabilizing selection favors the average trait in a population. |
| What is disruptive selection? | Disruptive selection favors the extremes of a trait. |
| What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles? | A: Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters (A), and recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters (a). |
| What does homozygous mean? | A: Homozygous means having two identical alleles (AA or aa). |
| What does heterozygous mean? | A: Heterozygous means having two different alleles (Aa). |
| What is the Grandmother Hypothesis? | A: The Grandmother Hypothesis suggests older females help raise grandkids, which leads to bigger brains and social living. |
| What is the Biological species concept? | A: The Biological species concept defines species by their ability to interbreed. |
| What is the Morphological species concept? | A: The Morphological species concept defines species based on physical traits. |
| What is the Ecological species concept? | A: The Ecological species concept defines species by their ecological role. |
| What is the Evolutionary species concept? | A: The Evolutionary species concept defines species by common ancestry. |
| What is race in terms of biology? | A: Race is not biological; it is a social construct, though it does have social impacts, ancestry, and cultural relevance. |
| What is the Out of Africa theory? | A: The Out of Africa theory suggests humans spread from Africa around 60,000 years ago and possibly faced extinctions along the way. |
| Why do humans today have low genetic diversity? | A: Humans today have low diversity due to a small founding population and subsequent bottlenecks. |
| What conditions are needed for fossilization? | A: Fossilization requires burial, low oxygen, and hard parts. |
| What are the types of fossilization | A: The types of fossilization include permineralization, carbonization, amber, molds, and trace fossils. |
| Name some major hominins. | A: Major hominins include Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo. |
| What similarities exist between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens? | A: Neanderthals and Homo sapiens shared jewelry, face paint, and tools. |
| What are the two main primate suborders? | A: The two main primate suborders are Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises) and Haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes). |
| Where are lemurs found? | A: Lemurs are found in Madagascar. |
| Where are lorises found? | A: Lorises are found in Africa and Asia. |
| Where are tarsiers found? | A: Tarsiers are found in Southeast Asia. |
| Where are apes found? | A: Apes are found in Africa and Asia. |
| What are the main primate groups? | A: The main primate groups are Lemuroidea (Madagascar), Lorisoidea (Africa/Asia), Tarsiidae (Southeast Asia), Platyrrhines (South America), Catarrhines (Africa/Asia), and Hominoids (Apes). |
| What is monogamy in primate social systems? | A: Monogamy is when one male mates with one female, seen in gibbons. |
| What is polygyny in primate social systems? | A: Polygyny is when one male mates with multiple females, seen in gorillas. |
| What is polyandry in primate social systems? | A: Polyandry is when one female mates with multiple males, seen in marmosets. |
| What is fission-fusion in primate social systems? | A: Fission-fusion is when groups split and come together, seen in chimpanzees. |
| What is a solitary primate? | A: Solitary primates, like lemurs, live alone or in small groups. |
| What are frugivores? | A: Frugivores primarily eat fruits, like chimpanzees and spider monkeys. |
| What are folivores? | A: Folivores primarily eat leaves, like howler monkeys and colobus monkeys. |
| What are insectivores? | A: Insectivores primarily eat insects, like tarsiers. |
| What are gummivores? | A: Gummivores primarily eat gum, like marmosets. |
| What are omnivores? | A: Omnivores eat both plants and animals, like humans and chimpanzees. |
| What is quadrupedalism? | A: Quadrupedalism is walking on all four limbs, seen in baboons. |
| What is bipedalism? | A: Bipedalism is walking on two legs, seen in humans. |
| What is leaping in primates? | A: Leaping is jumping from tree to tree, seen in lemurs. |
| What is brachiation? | A: Brachiation is swinging from branch to branch using the arms, seen in gibbons. |
| What is the Precambrian period known for? | A: The Precambrian period is known for the appearance of algae. |
| What is the Paleozoic period known for? | A: The Paleozoic period is known as the Age of Fishes. |
| What is the Mesozoic period known for? | A: The Mesozoic period is known for dinosaurs and early primates. |
| What is the Cenozoic period known for? | A: The Cenozoic period is known for the rise of mammals and humans. |
| What archaeological evidence links Neanderthals to Homo sapiens? | A: Use of face paint, jewelry, and similar tools. |
| Multiregional vs. Out of Africa: which is supported? | A: Out of Africa: modern humans evolved in Africa and spread ~60kya. |
| What impact did modern humans have after spreading? | A: Caused extinctions and replaced other populations. |
| Why do modern humans have low biological diversity? | A: We descended from a small, recent population; there was more diversity in the past. |
| What parts of "race" are real? | A: Social impacts, physical geography, languages, and cultures |
| What is a dominant gene? | A: Represented by a capital letter; only one copy needed to be expressed. |
| What is a recessive gene? | A: Represented by a lowercase letter; two copies are needed to be expressed. |
| What does natural selection explain? | A: Survival and reproduction of the fittest—drives evolution |
| What are Strepsirrhini? | A: Lemurs and lorises—more primitive, some nocturnal. |
| What are Haplorhines? | A: Tarsiers, monkeys, apes—including humans |
| What is a hominoid? | A: Broad group including apes and humans (e.g., gorillas) |
| What is Lemuroidea? | A: Lemurs in Madagascar—diverse and active day/night. |
| What is Lorisoidea? | A: Lorises in Africa/Asia—slow movers or fast leapers. |
| What is Tarsiidae? | A: Nocturnal primates from SE Asia—large eyes, insectivores |
| Where are apes found? | A: Africa and Asia. |
| What split happened at the end of the Mesozoic? | A: Rise of mammals—leading to modern primates |
| What are frugivores? | A: Fruit eaters—chimpanzees and spider monkeys. |
| What are folivores? | A: Leaf eaters—howler and colobus monkeys. |
| What are insectivores? | A: Insect eaters—mouse lemurs and tarsiers. |
| What are gummivores? | A: Sap eaters—marmosets and tamarins |
| What are omnivores? | A: Eat everything—humans and chimpanzees |
| What is monogamy in primates? | A: One male and one female pair—seen in gibbons. |
| What is fission-fusion social structure? | A: Flexible subgroups—seen in chimpanzees |
| What is solitary behavior? | A: Individuals mostly live alone—seen in some lemurs |
| What is polygyny? | A: One male mates with several females—seen in gorillas. |
| What is polyandry? | A: One female mates with multiple males—seen in marmosets. |
| What is quadrupedalism? | A: Walking on all fours—e.g., baboons. |
| What is bipedalism? | A: Walking upright—e.g., humans. |
| What is vertical leaping? | A: Leaping with strong hind limbs—e.g., lemurs. |
| What is brachiation? | A: Arm-swinging locomotion—e.g., gibbons |
| What is taphonomy? | A: The study of how fossils form. |
| What are the conditions for fossilization? | A: Rapid burial, hard parts, low oxygen. |
| What is permineralization? | A: Minerals fill in the spaces of bones, preserving them |
| What is carbonization? | A: Thin film of carbon preserves soft tissue outlines. |
| What is amber fossilization? | A: Organisms trapped in hardened tree resin. |
| What are mold and cast fossils? | A: Impressions left after an organism decays |
| What are trace fossils? | A: Evidence of activity like footprints or nests |
| What major life existed in the Precambrian? | A: Algae. |
| What life dominated the Paleozoic era? | A: Fishes. |
| What defined the Mesozoic era? | A: Dinosaurs and early primates. |
| What defines the Cenozoic era? | A: Mammals and humans dominate. |
Created by:
katievp7