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apush unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded Age | A period after the Civil War marked by economic growth, big business, and political corruption. |
| Monopoly | When one company controls an entire industry with little or no competition. |
| Vertical Integration | A company controls all steps in producing a product, from raw materials to sales. |
| Horizontal Integration | A company buys out or merges with all competitors in the same industry. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Steel industry leader who used vertical integration; believed in the “Gospel of Wealth.” |
| John D. Rockefeller | Leader of the oil industry; used horizontal integration to build a monopoly. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Idea that the rich should use their money to help society. |
| Laissez-Faire | Belief that government should stay out of business and the economy. |
| Social Darwinism | Belief that “survival of the fittest” applies to people and businesses. |
| Labor Unions | Groups formed by workers to fight for better pay, hours, and working conditions. |
| Knights of Labor | Early labor union that accepted all workers and pushed for broad reforms. |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | A skilled workers’ union led by Samuel Gompers, focused on wages and hours. |
| Haymarket Riot (1886) | A labor protest in Chicago that turned violent; hurt the image of labor unions. |
| Homestead Strike (1892) | A violent strike at Carnegie’s steel plant; ended in defeat for workers. |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | A nationwide railroad strike that the federal government stopped using troops. |
| New Immigration | Wave of immigrants after 1880 from Southern and Eastern Europe; often poor and Catholic or Jewish. |
| Nativism | Anti-immigrant feelings; belief that native-born Americans are superior. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | Law that banned Chinese immigration; first major restriction on immigration in U.S. history. |
| Tenements | Overcrowded apartment buildings in cities where many poor immigrants lived. |
| Political Machines | Organizations that helped immigrants in exchange for votes; often corrupt (like Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall). |
| Settlement Houses | Community centers that helped immigrants with education and services (like Jane Addams’ Hull House). |
| Social Gospel | The idea that Christians should help the poor and improve society. |
| Populist Party | A political party of farmers and workers that wanted more government control over railroads and banks. |
| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | First federal law to regulate businesses; aimed at railroads’ unfair rates. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | A law to stop monopolies; not enforced well at first. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Supreme Court case that said “separate but equal” segregation was legal. |
| Jim Crow Laws | State laws that enforced racial segregation in the South. |
| Sharecropping | A farming system where freed slaves and poor whites rented land and stayed in debt. |
| Booker T. Washington | Believed Black people should focus on education and jobs before demanding equality. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Believed Black people should demand full rights immediately; helped found the NAACP. |
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