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GENETICS FIINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structure used in recombiant DNA technology to carry the DNA from cells f one species to anotehr species are called ____ | Cloning Vectors |
| Genetic Modification .... | alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell |
| A organism that contains DNA from other species is called | Trasnsgenic |
| Eliminate invasive predator species with genetic techniques, done by ___ | Gene drive, ability to pass genes from parent to children is enhanced. |
| Prokaryotes do not modify their mRNA transcripts. Because of this, eukaryotic inserted into prokaryotes must use___ instead of original genetic material | cDNA, complementary DNA that is synthsized from RNA template |
| What category of enzymes is the CAS9 protein ? | Endonuclease, catalyzes incision of DNA |
| How does Cas9 Differentiate from restriction enzymes? | Endonuclease which acts with a guide RNA which is beneficial in fixing errors in genetic sequence or modification. Guide allows cast only at specific site. |
| Modification of genetic for living organisms | Genetic Engineering |
| Restriction enzymes | Restriction endonuclease ; as molecular scissors |
| Measure expression levels of gene ; display mRNA's | Microarray |
| Introduces DNA into cells through electrical pulses | Electroporation |
| Seperate DNA, RNA, bases on size | Electrophoresis |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction, amplifies DNA for genetic analysis |
| Gene Silencing : Knockdown | Reduce mRNA expression, silenced |
| Gene Silencing : Knockout | Completely eliminate DNA |
| CRISPR | Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats |
| Genetically modified organisms carry modifications in ... | cell in which it was originally introduced |
| Purines (purely complicated) | Adening and guanine = 2 rings |
| Molecular glue | Ligase |
| Protooncogenes | Are regular not mutated |
| Oncogenes | Are mutated act as gas pedal |
| Pyrimidine | Thymine Uracil, Cytosine = 1 ring |
| Benign | Does not spread to surrounding tissues |
| Malignant | Invades nearby tissue |
| Metastatic | Tumor spreads to other parts, organs, and distal sites |
| Carcigen | Causes cancer |
| Tumor Supressor Genes | Acts as brakes, loss of function recessive , 2 hits needed |
| Sporadic Cancer | Mutations in somatic cell |
| Formation of new capillary extensions | Angiogenesis |
| p53 | Guardian Cell |
| Common virus for cervical cancer | Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) |
| Dedifferentiatied | Specialized cells --> Less specialized they become more stem like able to go to different cell types |
| A.R.T | Assisted Reproductive Techniques |
| PTG | Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis , screen embryos before implanted in uterus |
| Infertility vs Subfertility | Infertility is inability to conceive a child after frequent intercourse w/o contraceptives Subfertility : Couples who can conceive but take longer to do so |
| Male infertility main causes | Immobile sperm, atypical sperm, low sperm count |
| 1/3 of males with infertility are due to Y chromosome deletions of genes involved in | spermiogenesis |
| Donated sperm AKA | Intrauterine Insemination |
| Donated Uterus AKA | Uterine Transplant |
| Genetic and gestational , embryo conceived | from woman own egg and partner donor sperm |
| IVF | In Vitro Fertilization, sperm fertilizes on oocyte in culture dish |
| ICSI | Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection |
| GIFT | Gamete intrafallopian Transfer, Large oocyte from woman and sperm from partner in uterine tube |
| ZIFT | Zygote intrafallopian tube . IVF ovum introduced into uterine tube |
| Mitochondria Inheritence | mothers always pass on their mitochondria and their mtDNA to their children, while fathers never pass on their mitochondria and mtDNA to their children. |
| Heterochromatin | Highly packed, gene poor, transcriptionally silent |
| Euchromatin | Less condensed gene rich and more accessible for transcription |
| Histones | Protein that organize packed NDA within nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
| DNA Polymerase | Adds nucleotides to 3' end of RNA primer , synthesize in 5 3 ; proofreads code |
| DNA LIGASE | Joined okazaki fragments on lagging strand |
| DNA Primase | Synthesizes a short RNA primer, to provide a starting point for DNA polymerase |
| Helicase | Unwinds double stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds |
| Okazaki Fragments | Short segments of DNA synthesized on lagging strand, Lagging is discontinuously , leading is synthesized continuously |
| Transcription Factors | Proteins that bind to specifc DNA sequences near genes ; activate or repress Transcription by helping or blocking RNA polymerase |
| Silences gene expession ; mutes expression | |
| Histone Acetytaion | Loosens chromatin structure, making DNA more accessible ; Activates gene expression |
| Reproductive Cloning | Makes entire new organism EX: Dolly the Sheep |
| Therapeutic Cloning | Produce stem cells to treat disease |
| Restriction Enzymes VS CRISPR | Restriction : Cut DNA at short specific sequences , CRISPR - Cas 9 uses RNA guide to cut specific sequences in the genome |
| PCR 3 STEPS | Denaturing : DNA strands separate ; Anealing primers bind to target sequence ; Extension ; Taq polymerase adds nucleotide to build DNA |
| Gene Sequencing | Uses Chain terminating nucleotides to build DNA fragments of different lengths |
| Transcriptome | All RNA in cell; tell which genes are being expressed |
| Proteome | All proteins in cell; shows which proteins are functional |
| IVF vs Cloning | IVF used for fertility combines sperm and egg , cloning therapeutic or reproduction and uses nucleus from body cell |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA : carries genetic code (codons) from dNA to ribosome for protein synthesis |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA ; Structural and enzymatic component of the ribosome ; catalyzes peptide bond formation |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA delivers correct amino acids to ribosome by mathcnig anticodon to mRNA codon |
Created by:
Gusto_08