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Dev psych final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Role Transitions | Milestones or shifts that mark movement into adult roles (e.g., finishing school, starting a career, getting married). |
| Emerging adulthood | Ages 18–25; a transitional period marked by exploration of identity, instability, and self-focus. |
| Edgework | Engaging in risky activities that require skill and control (e.g., extreme sports); often appealing during young adulthood. |
| Intimacy vs Isolation | Erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development; young adults seek deep relationships or risk social isolation. |
| Physical development | Physical strength peaks in the 20s; typically a time of optimal health but also risk of poor habits forming. |
| Lifestyle Factors | Choices like diet, exercise, sleep, and substance use significantly influence health outcomes in young adulthood. |
| Addiction | A condition where a person becomes dependent on a substance or behavior, impairing daily functioning. |
| Metabolism | he process by which the body converts food to energy; slows with age, affecting weight management. |
| Body Mass index | A numerical value derived from height and weight to categorize underweight, healthy, overweight, or obese status. |
| Social Factors in Health | Elements like socioeconomic status, relationships, and access to healthcare that impact health outcomes. |
| Cognitive Development | Young adults refine thinking processes, problem-solving skills, and decision-making abilities. |
| Multidimensional intelligence | The idea that intelligence involves multiple abilities, such as verbal, numerical, and spatial reasoning. |
| Plasticity | The brain’s ability to change and adapt over time, allowing for continued learning and skill development |
| Primary Mental Abilities | Basic cognitive functions like memory, verbal ability, and reasoning; can improve or decline with age. |
| Fluid Intelligence | The capacity to solve novel problems and think abstractly; tends to decline with age. |
| Crystalized Intelligence | Knowledge gained through experience and education; tends to increase with age. |
| Post formal thought | Advanced thinking that acknowledges ambiguity, contradiction, and the need for practical solutions. |
| Reflective Judgement | The ability to evaluate and integrate evidence to make reasoned decisions, often improving with age. |
| Personality | Stable traits and patterns that influence behavior, emotions, and thoughts across time and situations. |
| Life Span Construct | An internal model of a person’s expected path through life, helping guide decisions and goals. |
| Scenario | A person’s expectations or mental picture of future life events (e.g., marriage, career goals). |
| Life Story | A narrative used to give one’s life a sense of meaning, integrating past, present, and future experiences |
| Primary Control | Efforts to change the external world to fit one’s needs. |
| Secondary COntrol | Adapting oneself to accept and manage the external environment. |
| Wear and Tear Diseases | Chronic conditions (like arthritis or heart disease) that result from long-term use or stress on the body’s systems over time. |
| Perimenopause | The transitional phase before menopause, marked by hormonal changes and irregular periods. |
| Menopause | The end of menstruation, typically around age 51, signaling the end of a woman's reproductive years. |
| Stress and Coping Paradigm | A psychological model describing how people respond to stress; involves appraising stressors and selecting coping strategies (problem-focused or emotion-focused). |
| Immune Function | The body’s defense system against illness and disease; can be weakened by age, chronic stress, and poor lifestyle habits. |
| Mindfulness | A mental practice of focusing attention on the present moment, often used to reduce stress and improve emotional well-being. |
| Aerobic Excersise | Physical activity that increases heart rate and breathing (e.g., running, swimming); improves cardiovascular health, mood, and brain function. |
| Practical Intelligence | The ability to solve real-world problems by applying knowledge gained from experience; often improves with age. |
| Expert | Someone with extensive knowledge or skill in a specific area; typically achieved through years of experience and practice. |
| Lifelong Learning | The ongoing, voluntary pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional reasons throughout a person's life. |
| Five factor trait model | Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
| personality adjustment and growth | Adjustment: Changes in personality to meet social or environmental demands. Growth: Development of positive traits and self-understanding over time. |
| generativity | Erikson’s 7th psychosocial stage; a concern for guiding the next generation, often expressed through parenting, work, or mentoring. |
| mid life correction | A reevaluation of one’s life goals, values, and direction during middle adulthood; not necessarily a crisis |
| life transitions | Major changes or turning points in life (e.g., career change, retirement, loss) that require psychological adaptation. |
| family dynamics | The patterns of interaction and relationships among family members, including roles, communication, and emotional bonds. |
| kinkeeper | A family member (often a middle-aged woman) who maintains family connections by organizing gatherings and keeping everyone in touch. |
| empty nest | A phase when children leave the home, which can lead to a sense of loss or new opportunities for parents. |
| sandwich generation | Adults (usually in their 40s or 50s) who are simultaneously caring for aging parents and supporting their own children. |
| filial obligation | A cultural or personal belief that adult children should care for their aging parents. |
| caregiving | Providing physical, emotional, or financial support to someone who is elderly, ill, or disabled—often a significant source of stress. |
| grandparents | Older adults who often play important roles in extended family life; roles vary from distant figure to surrogate parent. |
| Longevity | The length of an individual's life; influenced by genetics, lifestyle, healthcare, and environment. |
| Average life expectancy | The age at which half the people born in a particular year are expected to die. |
| Maximum life expectancy | The oldest age to which a human can live (currently around 120 years). |
| Telomeres | Protective caps on the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division; shorter telomeres are linked to aging and age-related diseases. |
| Sensory Changes | Age-related declines in vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, which can impact daily functioning and quality of life. |
| Reaction time | The speed at which a person responds to a stimulus; typically slows with age due to changes in the nervous system. |
| Explicit Memory | Conscious recall of information (e.g., facts, events). |
| Implicit memory | Unconscious memory, like skills or conditioned responses (e.g., riding a bike). |
| Episodic memory | Memory of personal experiences and specific events (more prone to decline with age). |
| Semantic memory | General world knowledge and facts (often preserved better than episodic memory). |
| Wisdom | Deep insight and good judgment gained from experience; often associated with age but not guaranteed by it. |
| Successful aging | A model of aging that includes maintaining physical health, cognitive function, and active engagement with life. |
| continuity theory | The idea that older adults try to maintain consistency in behavior, personality, and relationships over time, adapting to changes by using familiar strategies. |
| competence | A person’s ability to function in various domains (physical, cognitive, emotional, etc.); often challenged by aging-related declines. |
| integrity vs despair | Erikson’s 8th psychosocial stage; older adults reflect on life with a sense of satisfaction (integrity) or regret and bitterness (despair). |
| life review | A reflective process in which older adults evaluate and make sense of their life experiences, often leading to greater self-understanding or peace. |
| spiritual support | Faith-based practices or community support that provide meaning, comfort, and a sense of belonging, especially in later life. |
| retirement | The transition from full-time work to non-work; experiences vary widely based on finances, health, and personal goals. |
| frail older adults | Older individuals with significant physical, cognitive, or psychological impairments who need help with daily functioning. |
| activities of daily living | Basic self-care tasks: bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, and mobility. |
| instrumental activities of daily living | More complex daily tasks required for independent living, such as managing finances, cooking, shopping, and using transportation. |
| assisted living | A residential facility offering personal care, meals, and limited medical support for individuals who need help but don’t require full-time nursing care. |
| nursing home | A facility providing 24-hour medical care and assistance with ADLs for individuals with significant health needs or disabilities. |
Created by:
nhow145