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Ethics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some of the options for the happy life Aristotle mentions in Book 1 chp 4-5 | health, wealth, honor/reputation, pleasure, politics, contemplation |
| what options are rejected and why | pleasure - too limiting health - instrumental wealth - instrumental honor/reputation - too dependent on the others for options These can't fulfill criteria for happiness |
| What does he think the human soul is like, and how does virtue arise from the natural capacities the soul has, primary function | He thinks the soul is one substantial life form voluntary actions are the primary function of the soul, going through reflection and actions leads to intellectual and moral virtues |
| What is the definitions of virtue in NE 11.6 | Virtue is proposed disposition of reason that's meant to determine the choice of our actions, determined by the principle of a prudent person |
| Explain the difference between the "mean" of virtue and a mathematical mean | mean of virtue is proportional harmony between excess deficiency of passions and extremes of actions mathematical means are exact middle |
| What are the two states of affairs that prevent choice for Aristotle | compulsion and ignorance |
| what are we able to choose in any action? | - means to our particular end - what can we deliberate about - means to obtain an end |
| What is prudence in comparison with other intellectual virtues, such as artistic or scientific wisdom | - scientific deals with the principles themselves - artistic deals with the variable in a more creative mode - prudence differs in object and qualities - linked together by intellectual; eternal virtues and all want eternal |
| what are three types of friendships, and what makes them all friendships? What distinguishes each type? | Utility - love of personal advantage; ends when benefit ends, pursuit of own advantage Pleasure - love of enjoyment in the other's company; end when taste changes Virtue - love for their intrinsic value, permanent |
| What is the contemplative life for Aristotle? | - thinking continuously about external truths in themselves; perfection - the continuous act of thought about eternal realities in the imitation of the gods |
| What are the two kinds of love Auguatine focuses on? | - love of self and neighbor - love of God |
| How are they defined? | Love of God - highest form of love and ultimate source of happiness Love of self - love focused on the self and its desires |
| What does he think we all mean by the term "God," and how does a careful analysis of the many conceptions of God demonstrate this common thread | - unifying thread and being that excels every other being - most perfect being |
| How does the definition of God become refined in our observations of nature and of the intelligible | unchanging wisdom |
| What does acknowledging the nature of God change about where we direct our loves? | Shifts our focus from earthly desires and pleasures to a love for God as the ultimate good and source of happiness |
| What is the new order of love that transpires from the conception? | - self: soul and body - Neighbor: soul and body & family, friends, humanity - material world |
| How does conception of God change our relationship with each object of love within the order of loves | Loving for the sake of something else = God |
| What are the initial two definitions of freedom the teacher and student propose? Which one is superior and why | Freedom 1 - to sin or to not sin Freedom 2 - ability to NOT sin and preserve rectitude of the will Freedom 2 is superior because it includes God in the definition |
| What is the final definition of freedom that is proposed in the dialogue | Even God can't take away the freedom of choice The wills ability to follow God's will |
| How is the power of the will compared to the power of sight? What are the necessary conditions for the proper | - proper medium -> circumstances have a range of options - Object must be present with no interference -> goal of happiness, purpose, intention - instrument of the eye must work -> the will needs an action and intellect - must have the organ of eye |
| How does the teacher argue that no set of difficult circumstances constrains the will to make a sinful choice? | - There is a weakness of the will, but there is still freedom - Under threat of lie or die; you must make the decision to lie or to die and must strive to attain a good |
| What is going on in the will during a moment of constrained circumstances or temptation? What is actually responsible for the ultimate decision we make | - No constraint can affect our choices. Our will is operating in difficulty, but it is not faulty and a weak will - Only the will itself can force us to make a choice against the good; our will |
| What are the various proofs the will is still operative even in a state of sin? | - Even struggling to see, we still have the eye - Making a bad choice, we are still choosing - we have the potential to restore the good after choosing the bad |
| Can God take away the power of the will? | No, if God took our will, it will be a contradiction to his will; God cannot will against his will |
| Once the rectitude of the will is lost, what would be necessary to restore it, and why? | - God's power can restore the will by re-enlivening the present will or through acts that are damaging - You need divine assistance - Having a malfunctioning eyeball requires a physician to fix/restore it |
| What is a virtue, for Aquinas? | Habitual subordination from a passive power to an active power - Passive: receptive and can't affect anything on their own - Active: In charge and have powers of causality |
| Why does Aquinas think there is a necessity for infused habits? | Human nature is limited in its ability to the ultimate, supernatural end & supernatural end requires infused habits |
| What does he think infused habits give to the soul? | - Antidote to our natural powers to achieve happiness but can't on their own - Acquire natural goods quickly & easily |
| What are the cardinal virtues for Aquinas? | -Prudence: very act of reason itself for the sake of making decisions -Justice: distinguish between right/wrong -Fortitude: deals with passions that cause us to shrink from reason -Temperance: deals with passions that rebel against reason |
| How do these virtues change in goal, mean, and extremes when infused versus acquired of our own power? | -Goal; invitation of the mind -Prudence: tied to contemplating the will of God -Justice: following the rational and divine law -Fortitude: correspond your will to what's right and with anxiety or fear -Temerance: care for soul > care for health |
| What are the theological virtues, and can they be acquired by natural habit? | Faith, Hope, Charity - Only come from God |
| Be able to give genus/species definition of each of the theological virtues | - Faith: gift of new supernatural principles to the intellect - Hope: gift of recognition of new possibilities for the intellect and will - Charity - gift of our will's particularly in the measure of God's love |
Created by:
Faithsteen17