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BIo Day 10
Biology Day 10 Metabolism Cont.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bioenergetics: | study of energy flowing through living systems |
| Metabolism: | all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism |
| cell metabolism: | the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids - To reach a state of equilibrium, which is one of the lowest possible free energy and a state of maximal entropy. |
| Redox reaction: | taking one thing and reducing it - taking another thing and oxidizing it |
| If you gain electrons the atom is | reduced - charge from positive two to 0 charge |
| If you lose electrons the atom is | oxidized - charge from 0 to positive 2 charge |
| Oxidation number concept: | the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom. |
| RedOx in Biology: | Reduction adds H+, Oxidation removes H+ - reduction gains an electron - oxidation removes an electron important to create NADH and FADH2 |
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD): | is spontaneous - adds hydrogen - AH2 (reactant) to A (product) while FHO(product) needs energy for H |
| Electron transport chain: | where we make ATP (is bouncing down the stairs) - energy from the bounce is what creates a bond (energy coupling) - electron wants to move - electrons removed from glucose - causes redox reactions |
| How ATP makes energy: | ATP stores a large amount of potential energy ribose sugar attached to an adenine - energy is created by the breakage of bonds (breaking hydrogen bonds) - everytime a bond is broken an explosion energy bomb is created |
| Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed: | when water is added the bond is broken When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, a large free-energy change occurs Everytime an energy bond breaks it is only a small amount but multiple bonds are broken ATP = 7.3kcal/mol |
| Activation energy: | small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur (or free energy of activation) - EA is the amount of energy needed to make the reaction happen |
| How ATP is used to energize reactions: | since most reactions need a stimulus (energy) also has Enzymes are proteins with the job to break things apart - enzyme lowers the activation energy |
| Transition state: | high-energy, unstable state occurring during a chemical reaction - when not every molecule is boiling, some bubbles in boiling water What some parts of the sugar is melted Products: is fully boiled melted syrup |
| Enzyme initiation | enzyme holds them together - want to connect A to B (&C) |
| Enzyme ransition state facilitation: | forces the reactants to touch each other and holds them there - enzyme is going to bend and change shape (A is made to have a better connection to B) |
| Enzyme Termination | once the bond is made it lets them go - releases them and pushes them off (free to start all over again) (A is attaches to B, letting go of C) |
| The enzyme is a helper by | clasping onto reactants to have them stuck together (in place) until the reaction to create the bond occurs - otherwise, the reactants are too far apart to form a bond - helper that lets the activation energy get lower |
| Heat energy: | (total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction) speeds up the molecule's motion, increasingfrequency and force with which they collide. moves atoms and bonds within the molecule slightly, helping them reach their transition state. |
| The activation energy of a particular reaction determines | the rate at which it will proceed. The higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical reaction. |
| Almost all enzymes are: | proteins, composed of amino acid chains, perform the critical task of lowering the activation energies of chemical reactions inside the cell. Are catalyst |
| Enzymes only reduce the | activation energy required to reach the transition state |
| enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH if it is | - too low or too high they break/denatured - need a specific pH - they need human normal blood pH - if stop breathing enzymes will stop and cause death - (acidic blood denatures enzymes) - don't have the activation helper anymore |
| Enzymes are | very specific and only fits their substrates |
| Enzyme regulation: | an enzyme's activity is precisely regulated - enzymes never die - stops the enzymes from repeatedly activating |
| Competitive inhibition: | something else can bind into the enzyme and take up the space |
| Regulation is needed: | the substrates cannot bind when a regulatory molecule binds to the enzymes active site |
| Regulatory molecule: | stops the enzyme from connecting the needed substrates - competition takes up the enzymes spake |
| Allosteric regulation (activation): | needs something to bind to it first: something needs to move the enzyme - enzyme is not in the correct shape until something binds into it to change its shape - to fit into it - Causes allosteric inhibition: |
| Allosteric regulation inhibition: opposite of activation | goes from side where it works to where it doesn’t work Some inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces aconformational change that reduces the enzyme's efficiency - so it doesn't fit |
| induced fit: | As enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild shift in enzyme’s structure that confirms an ideal binding arrangement between the two's transition state. This maximizes the enzyme’s ability to catalyze its reaction. |
| Carbohydrate metabolism: | sugar metabolism. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source, because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. |
| Cofactors: | inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation |
| Coenzymes: | small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzyme's activity |
| Feedback inhibition: | Producing both amino acids and nucleotides is controlled through this |
| During Photosynthesis: | plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into sugar molecules, like glucose (C6H12O6) involves synthesizing a larger, energy-storing molecule, it requires an energy input to proceed. |
| A metabolic pathway: | a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product or products. |
| sugar metabolism the first metabolic pathway synthesized: | sugar from smaller molecules, and the other pathway broke sugar down into smaller molecules. |
| Anabolic: | (building) the first requiring energy pathways |
| Catabolic: | (breaking down) the second producing energy pathways |
| building (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) comprise | metabolism. |
| Thermodynamics: | the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy transfers within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). |
| An open system is one in which: | energy and matter can transfer between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because it can lose heat into the air. |
| A closed system is one that can | : transfer energy but not matter to its surroundings. |
| The first law of thermodynamics deals with: | the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. |
| According to the first law of thermodynamics, | energy may transfer from place to place or transform into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| The second law of thermodynamics says that | A living cell’s primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, using energy to do work may seem simple but are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers along with all energy transfers and transformations in the universe, is completely efficient. |
| Entropy: | The more energy that a system loses to its surroundings, the less ordered and more random the system - the measure of randomness or disorder within a system |
| High entropy means | high disorder and low energy |
| Entropy is a | measure of randomness or disorder in a system. Gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have higher entropy than solids. - low entropy means stabilization |
| adenosine triphosphate, or ATP: | an energy-supplying small/simple molecule but within some of its bonds, it contains the potential for a quick burst of energy that can be harnessed to perform cellular work. comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups |
| competetive inhibition | competition to bind to the active site |
| regulatory molecule | a molecule must bind to site first to activate |
| regulatory inhibition | changes shape of the reaction site |
| feedback inhibition | a regulatory mechanism where the output. of a process inhibits its own further production |
| activaytion energy | the point where the reaction needs to meet in order to happen - enzyme can bring this down by holding things together, changing shape, inorder to bond |
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Katepop10