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AP Psych U5P2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorders Criteria | Deviant: difficult, extreme, or unusual Distressful: unpleasant & upsetting to the person w/ the disorder Dysfunctional: Causes interference with the person's daily life |
| What is the medical model? | The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, & in most cases, cured. |
| Labeling | A quick way to describe a complex disorder; aims to predict a future course/suggest treatment & prompt research; keeps Dr.s/therapists/clinicians/WHO/etc. on the same page, gives a sense of relief to know you're not alone, needs to be named to study it. |
| What is the DSM-5? | The Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| What are some of the problems with labeling in the DSM-5? | Controversial (labels can be subjective & change our view of people,), people look for evidence to confirm views (confirmation bias), you act as you are expected to act (self-fulfilling prophecy). |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, & in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (uncontrollable worry for 6+ months), often accompanied by depression. |
| Panic Disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror & accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where on has felt loss of control & panic. Relates to panic attacks because they want to avoid situations where panic might strike. |
| Phobias | An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation (crowds, open spaces, elevators, etc.) |
| Common Phobias | Animals, insects, heights, blood, close spaces |
| OCD | A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. Ex concern w/ dirt/germs, excessive handwashing, etc. |
| When does normal behavior cross the line to becoming a disorder? | When it persistently interferes with everyday life & causes distress. |
| What to tend to happen to obsessions & compulsions as people get older? | It gradually lessens. |
| PTSD | A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, &/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
| How does conditioning relate to disorders? | People learn to associate anxiety/trauma with certain cues (can lead to stimulus generalization), reinforcement helps maintain these fears/anxieties as we do things to feel calmer or avoid others that cause anxiety/fear. |
| Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms | A person experiences 2 or more symptoms, at least 1 must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure (issues w/ sleep, low energy, feeling worthless, isolation, etc.) |
| Major Depressive Disorder Facts | The #1 reason people seek mental health services. Low levels of serotonin (2+ weeks, 1 in 10 US people affected, women are 2x as likely to be effected) |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | 2+ years of Major Depressive Disorder |
| Bipolar I Disorder | Type of depressive disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness & lethargy of depression & the overexcited state of mania (changes happen week to week). Highly creative people/men are more likely to have it (highly genetic, 1/100 people) |
| Mania | A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common. |
| Bipolar II Disorder | A less intense version of Bipolar I. |
| Schizophrenia | Characterized by delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (hearing voices), disorganized speech, &/or diminished in appropriate emotional expression. |
| Delusions | False beliefs, often of persecution (threatened/pursued), or grandeur (great importance) that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Word Salad | Disorganized speech, jumbled ideas that make no sense even within sentences |
| Onset/development of Schizophrenia | In the late teen years/early 20s |
| Chronic Schizophrenia | Symptoms appear early but slowly, as people age episodes last longer & recovery periods shorten. |
| Acute Schizophrenia | Begins at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event (recovery more likely; have positive symptoms; respond to drug therapy) |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | Potential cause. Researchers have found an excess # of dopamine receptors in brains of those with schizophrenia. |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder | A disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct & alternating personalities. |
| Critiques/questions about DID | Many people behave differently in certain situations, it has a short/localized history, people may life out a "fantasy" as they are led to believe in multiple personalities. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends & family members; may be aggressive/ruthless or a clever con-artist. |
| Anorexia Disorder | An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person's binge-eating (usually of high calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
| Binge-eating Disorder | Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without compensatory behavior that marks Bulimia Nervosa. |
| Psychoanalysis Approach Goal | Aims t uncover the past & unconscious through free association, dream analysis, and projective tests. |
| Psychoanalysis Approach Aspects | Resistance: when a person is suppressing something that they don't want to surface. Interpret: the therapist notes hesitations & interprets them (insight into unconscious) Transference: transfer of emotions linked w/ other relationships to the analyst |
| Psychoanalysis Approach Issues | Can't be proven/disproven, takes a lot of time, expensive, not offered by many therapists |
| Biomedical Therapy | Involves medication, drugs that alter brain chemistry |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces & childhood experiences, & seeks to enhance self-insight (less focus on unconscious). |
| Client-Centered Therapy | A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth (aka person-centered therapy). |
| Goals of humanistic therapy | Try to reduce inner conflicts that interfere w/ natural development/growth. Aims to boost self-fulfillment & responsibility & focus on present/future. Gives insights; self-awareness/reflection/acceptance, conscious) |
| Techniques of humanistic therapy | Active listening (paraphrase, clarify, reflect, feelings), unconditional positive regard |
| Behavior Therapists | Apply learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors (awareness vs. action). Ex. You become aware of why you're anxious during tests but you'll still be anxious. |
| Counterconditioning | A group of therapy techniques to help clients "unlearn" a response |
| Exposure therapies | Pairing a trigger stimulus with a new response. |
| Systematic desensitization | Exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques. |
| Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy | Using VR to expose people to things they fear in a safe way |
| Aversive conditioning | Negative response to harmful behavior so you learn what not to do (ex. putting bad tasting nail polish on to prevent biting nails) |
| Cognitive therapies | tries to change the way people think/act |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | Albert Ellis (1950s), identifies and challenges irrational beliefs by replacing them with rational & constructive ones. |
| Cognitive Behavioral therapy | counteract, use positive self-talk, therapist & client work together to change negative thought patterns (change the way people think/act). |
| Group Therapy | Psychotherapy in which a group of patients meet to describe/discuss under the supervision of a therapist, most common, establishes community/promotes learning social skills, enables people to see others share their struggles (ex. Alcoholics Anonymous) |
| Antipsychotic drugs | Helps w/ schizophrenia, reduces added symptoms (hallucinations/paranoia), blocks dopamine, can cause tremors/sluggishness (Parkinson-like) |
| Antianxiety drugs | Reduces tension/anxiety by depressing Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic), "sedating"/addictive without sleepiness |
| Antidepressant drugs | Helps with depression/anxiety/OCD/PTSD, increases availability of norepinephrine & serotonin at synapse (blocks re-uptake) almost just as effective as the placebo for less severe depression, may see no change for 4-6 weeks |
| ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) | Mild electrical pulses to the brain while the patient is under anesthesia; most commonly used to treat depression |
| Is Psychotherapy effective? | Depends on the case. Difficult to measure, clients enter @ rock bottom (better due to time or therapy?), self-fulfilling prophecy? |
| Which therapies work best for which disorders? PSYCHOTHERAPY | Specific problems (phobia/panic attacks) |
| Which therapies work best for which disorders? | -Cognitive: anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, depression -Behavioral conditioning: phobias, compulsions, marital problems, sexual dysfunctions -Psychodynamic: depression/anxiety -Nondirective/client-centered: mild-moderate depression |
Created by:
ashlyl28