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Basic Nutrition Ch10
Basic Nutrition Ch 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plasma | liquid part of blood that is mostly water, maintains fluid balance between blood and tissues, helps to maintain a constant blood pH and regulate body temperature. |
| red blood cells | transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body and are the most numerous cells in blood. |
| white blood cells | cells of the immune system that survey the body looking for foreign invaders to destroy. |
| platelets | fragments of cells that plug up a wound when stimulated by blood vessel injury. |
| biomarker | measurable molecule or trait that is connected with a specific disease or health condition. |
| blood tests | assessments that can indicate health status and disease risk based on various blood parameters. |
| nutrients | substances that require transport to cells in need of their support after being absorbed from the small intestine. |
| kidneys | organs that remove any excess water from the blood. |
| carbon dioxide | a waste product delivered by blood to the lungs for exhalation. |
| metabolism of glucose | the process supported by blood transporting oxygen to convert glucose into energy in the brain. |
| appropriate amount of water | a condition for blood to be considered healthy, along with cellular components. |
| dissolved substances | include albumin and electrolytes, which must be present in proper concentrations for healthy blood. |
| fluid connective tissue | the classification of blood within the circulatory system, responsible for transporting nutrients and waste. |
| stem cells | cells residing in bone marrow from which blood is synthesized. |
| blood flow | the rate that is dramatically reduced as blood travels through smaller vessels, allowing efficient exchange of nutrients and waste. |
| overall health status | can be indicated by the results of blood tests assessing multiple blood parameters. |
| energy-yielding nutrients | nutrients from which energy is obtained and stored in the body for later use. |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions required to support cellular function and hence the life of an organism |
| catabolism | all metabolic processes involved in molecule breakdown |
| anabolism | all metabolic processes involved in building bigger molecules |
| energy metabolism | metabolic pathways that release or store energy |
| Glycolysis | the process for glucose breakdown |
| β-oxidation | the process for fatty acid breakdown |
| amino acid catabolism | the breakdown of amino acids |
| Citric acid cycle | also known as the Krebs cycle, it is the second stage of nutrient breakdown |
| Electron transport chain | the third stage of nutrient breakdown and ATP synthesis |
| gluconeogenesis | process of building glucose molecules from certain amino acids, primarily occurring in the liver |
| lipogenesis | an anabolic pathway by which triglycerides are formed |
| adipocytes | fat-storing cells where newly made triglycerides are transported |
| energy transfer | the overall purpose of metabolism, involving the movement of energy through metabolic pathways |
| matter transport | the movement of substances necessary for cellular function |
| nutrient fuel storage | when energy levels are high, extra nutrients are stored as glycogen or triglycerides |
| anabolic pathways | pathways that consume energy to build bigger molecules |
| catabolic pathways | pathways that release energy by breaking down molecules |
| metabolic pathway | a series of enzymatic steps that transforms a substrate into intermediates until an end product is synthesized |
| B vitamins | vitamins that play a role in metabolism |
| vitamin K | supports a life-saving function of blood |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | Acts as a coenzyme for enzymes that break down glucose. Required for RNA, DNA, and ATP synthesis. Brain and heart most affected by deficiency. |
| Beriberi | Disease caused by thiamine deficiency. |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) | Brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency that is characterized by significant changes in mental status. |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | Essential component of flavoproteins which aid in the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain. |
| Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) | Often accompanied by other dietary deficiencies (protein). Common in people with alcohol use disorder. Symptoms include dry, scaly skin, mouth inflammation and sores, sore throat, itchy eyes, and light sensitivity. |
| Niacin (Vitamin B3) | Component of coenzymes NADH and NADPH, which are involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Can be synthesized by humans from tryptophan. |
| Niacin deficiency (pellagra) | Characterized by the four Ds: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death (sometimes). |
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) | Required to synthesize coenzyme A, which is involved in the synthesis of lipids, cholesterol, and acetylcholine. Deficiency is extremely rare. |
| Symptoms of Pantothenic Acid deficiency | Fatigue, Irritability, Numbness, Muscle pain, Cramps. |
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | Coenzyme involved in nitrogen transfer between amino acids. Functions in the release of glucose from glycogen. |
| Deficiency of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | Can cause symptoms of muscle weakness, dermatitis, mouth sores, fatigue, and confusion. |
| Biotin (Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H) | Required as coenzyme in the citric acid cycle and lipid metabolism. Required as an enzyme in synthesis of glucose and some nonessential amino acids. |
| Deficiency of Biotin | Is rare but can be caused by eating large amounts of egg whites over an extended period of time. Symptoms may include hair loss when severe. |
| Folate (Vitamin B9) | Required coenzyme for synthesis of amino acid methionine and for making RNA and DNA. |
| Deficiency of Folate | Macrocytic anemia: form of anemia characterized by larger and fewer red blood cells than normal. Linked to the development of spina bifida, a neural tube defect. |
| Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) | Contains cobalt - only vitamin that contains a metal ion. Necessary for fat and protein catabolism, folate coenzyme function, and hemoglobin synthesis. |
| Deficiency of Cobalamin | Causes macrocytic anemia. Increased risk for neural tube defect. Pernicious anemia: anemia resulting from an insufficient amount of intrinsic factor. |
| Vitamin K | Required for optimal bone metabolism. Critical for blood function. |
| Deficiency of Vitamin K | Causes bleeding disorders. Symptoms: nosebleeds, easy bruising, broken blood vessels, bleeding gums, heavy menstrual bleeding in women. |
| High risk for Vitamin K deficiency | Includes those who have liver or pancreatic disease and malabsorption conditions. |
| Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) | Often accompanied by other dietary deficiencies (protein). Common in people with alcohol use disorder. |
| Niacin (Vitamin B3) | Component of coenzymes NADH and NADPH, which are involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. |
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) | Required to synthesize coenzyme A, which is involved in the synthesis of lipids, cholesterol, and acetylcholine. |
| Pantothenic Acid deficiency | Extremely rare; symptoms include fatigue, irritability, numbness, muscle pain, cramps. |
| Pyridoxine deficiency | Can cause symptoms of muscle weakness, dermatitis, mouth sores, fatigue, and confusion. |
| Biotin deficiency | Rare but can be caused by eating large amounts of egg whites over an extended period of time; symptoms may include hair loss when severe. |
| Folate deficiency | Macrocytic anemia: form of anemia characterized by larger and fewer red blood cells than normal. Linked to the development of spina bifida. |
| Cobalamin deficiency | Causes macrocytic anemia and increased risk for neural tube defect. Pernicious anemia: anemia resulting from an insufficient amount of intrinsic factor. |
| Vitamin K | Required for optimal bone metabolism and critical for blood function. Deficiency causes bleeding disorders. |
| Vitamin K deficiency symptoms | Nosebleeds, easy bruising, broken blood vessels, bleeding gums, heavy menstrual bleeding in women. |
| Vitamins and minerals | Required as functional parts of enzymes involved in energy release and storage. |
| B vitamins | Involved as coenzymes in the breakdown of nutrients and in the building of macromolecules, such as protein, RNA, and DNA. |
| B vitamin deficiencies | Relatively rare especially in developed countries; health consequences can be severe, such as folate deficiency during pregnancy leading to increased risk of neural-tube defects. |
| Pyridoxine (B6) | Needed for blood-cell renewal and/or function. |
| Folate | Needed for blood-cell renewal and/or function. |
| Cobalamin (B12) | Needed for blood-cell renewal and/or function. |
| Vitamin K | Necessary for blood clotting. |
| Magnesium | Cofactor in hundreds of metabolic reactions and involved in all reactions that synthesize or require ATP. |
| Iron | Key component of hundreds of metabolic enzymes and best known for its role as an oxygen carrier. |
| Hemoglobin | Composed of four peptide chains, each containing a heme group with iron in the center. |
| Bioavailability of iron | Highly dependent on dietary sources; about 60 percent of iron in animal-based foods is bound to hemoglobin. |
| Iron deficiency | The most common of all micronutrient deficiencies. |
| Zinc | Plays a direct role in RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis. |
| Zinc deficiency | Blunts growth in infants and children; in adults, severe deficiency can cause hair loss, diarrhea, skin sores, loss of appetite, and weight loss. |
| Iodine | Essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates basal metabolism, growth, and development. |
| Iodine deficiency | Can lead to the development of goiter and cretinism in fetuses and infants. |
| Selenium | Cofactor of enzymes that release active thyroid hormone in cells. |
| Copper | Assists in electron transfer in the electron transport chain and is a cofactor of enzymes essential for iron absorption and transport. |
| Manganese | Cofactor for enzymes involved in glucose production and amino acid catabolism. |
| Chromium | Function less understood than that of most other minerals; enhances actions of insulin. |
| Minerals | Cannot be broken down to release energy; are cofactors for hundreds of enzymes involved in metabolism. |
| Iron, copper, and zinc | Critical for blood function and renewal. |
| Mineral absorption | Not as efficient as most vitamins, and bioavailability can be very low. |
| Iron deficiency anemia | The most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | A condition that develops from having insufficient iron levels in the body, resulting in fewer and smaller red blood cells containing lower amounts of hemoglobin. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia | Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, swollen, sore tongue, and abnormal heart rate. |
| Treatment for Iron Deficiency Anemia | Iron supplements, increasing consumption of foods that are higher in iron, avoiding foods and beverages high in phytates, and eating a dietary source of vitamin C at the same time as iron-containing foods. |
| At-risk populations for Iron Deficiency | Infants, children, adolescents, and women. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency | Poor growth, failure to thrive, poor performance in school, and mental, motor, and behavioral disorders. |
| Key Interventions to Combat Anemia | Providing at-risk groups with iron supplements, fortifying staple foods with iron and other micronutrients, preventing the spread of malaria, providing insecticide-treated bed netting, and treating parasitic-worm infestations. |
| Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia | Diagnosed from characteristic signs and symptoms and confirmed with simple blood tests that count red blood cells and determine hemoglobin and iron content in blood. |
| Main Causes of Iron Deficiency Worldwide | Parasitic-worm infections in the gut, malaria, and insufficient iron in the diet. |
| Historical Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia | Iron deficiency anemia was prevalent in infants and young children in the 1970s but significantly declined after the introduction of infant screening and fortification of formulas and foods. |
| Public Health Challenge of Iron Deficiency Anemia | In the developing world, iron deficiency anemia remains a significant public health challenge. |
| Solutions to Reduce Iron Deficiency Anemia | Providing supplements to target populations, fortifying foods with iron and other blood-healthy micronutrients, preventing the spread of malaria, treating parasitic infections, and giving iron cookware to high-risk populations. |
| Iron Accumulation in the Body | The body excretes little iron, leading to potential accumulation in tissues and organs, which can cause health problems such as extreme fatigue, arthritis, joint pain, and severe liver and heart toxicity. |
Created by:
boringjen