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Basic Nutrition Ch13
Basic Nutrition Ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Early childhood | Encompasses infancy and the toddler years (birth through age three) and the period from ages four through eight. |
| Changes during Childhood | Critical physiological and emotional changes take place; child's limbs lengthen steadily, while growth of other body parts begins to slow. |
| Age ten development | By age ten, the skull and the brain have grown to near-adult size. |
| Children's attitudes towards food | Children's attitudes and opinions about food deepen. |
| Puberty | Period of the human life cycle when a child matures into an adult (commonly between ages ten and fourteen). |
| Primary sex characteristics | Development of reproductive organs during puberty. |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Appearance of facial and body hair, development of breasts in girls, and deepening of the voice in boys. |
| Adolescence | Period of the human life cycle between puberty and adulthood (commonly between ages ten and nineteen). |
| Psychological changes in adolescence | Desire for independence and development of individual identities apart from their families. |
| Young adulthood | Ages 19-30, where physical growth has been completed and all organs and body systems are fully developed. |
| Physical peak | A young adult who is active has reached his or her physical peak and is in prime health. |
| Middle Age | Ages 31-50, with significant physical changes occurring, including pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, and perimenopause. |
| Loss of bone mass | Occurs in women due to dropping levels of estrogen during menopause. |
| Older Adult Years | Age 51 until the end of life, facing serious health challenges such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and dementia. |
| Loss of muscle mass | Occurs in older adults, along with changes in body composition. |
| Dementia | Loss of cognitive functioning, such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning. |
| Key Takeaways | The human body constantly changes throughout the life cycle; proper nutrition and physical activity ensure health and wellness at each stage. |
| Childhood (Ages Four to Eight) | School-aged children experience steady, consistent growth. |
| Energy needs in childhood | Energy needs vary, depending on their growth and level of physical activity. |
| Recommended intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients | Higher relative to body size, compared with nutrient needs during adulthood. |
| Factors Influencing Intake | Family environment, societal trends, taste preferences, and messages in the media. |
| Television commercials | Can entice children to consume sugary products, fatty fast-foods, refined ingredients, and sodium. |
| Encouraging healthy eating in children | Make meal- and snack-time fun, include children in food planning and preparation, educate about kitchen safety, offer nutritious desserts, and eat family meals frequently. |
| Malnutrition in children | Growing up in a food-insecure household can lead to deficiencies in iron, zinc, protein, and vitamin A, resulting in stunted growth, illness, and limited development. |
| Federal programs addressing hunger | National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, Summer Feeding Program, Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA). |
| Types of vegetarians | Ovo-vegetarians eat eggs; Lacto-ovo-vegetarians eat eggs and dairy; Lacto-vegetarians eat dairy; Vegans eat only plant sources. |
| Legumes and nuts | Can be eaten in place of meat. |
| Soy milk | Fortified with calcium and vitamins D and B12 to replace cow's milk. |
| Common allergenic foods | Peanuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, and shellfish. |
| Anaphylaxis | Life-threatening reaction that results in difficulty breathing, swelling in the mouth and throat, decreased blood pressure, shock, or even death. |
| Food intolerance | Marked by unpleasant symptoms after consuming certain foods due to the inability of the digestive system to break them down. |
| Lead toxicity | Children under age six are especially vulnerable and can suffer brain and central nervous system damage. |
| Common exposure to lead | Plumbing in old homes, lead-based paint, contaminated food and water, dust in carpets. |
| Treatment for lead toxicity | Remove child from source of contamination and extract lead from the body. |
| Daily energy needs for girls ages four to eight | 1,200 to 1,800 Calories. |
| Daily energy needs for boys ages four to eight | 1,200 to 2,000 Calories. |
| Onset of puberty (ages nine to thirteen) | First phase involves height increases of 20 to 25 percent; second phase involves weight gain related to bone, muscle, and fat tissue development. |
| Daily calorie needs for girls during puberty | 1,400 to 2,200 Calories per day. |
| Daily calorie needs for boys during puberty | 1,600 to 2,600 Calories per day. |
| AMDR for carbohydrates | 45 to 65 percent of daily calories. |
| AMDR for protein | 10 to 30 percent of daily calories. |
| Key vitamins needed during puberty | Vitamins D, K, and B12. |
| Calcium intake during puberty | Essential for building bone and preventing osteoporosis later in life. |
| Caloric intake for girls (ages 9-13) | 1,400 to 2,200 calories per day. |
| Caloric intake for boys (ages 9-13) | 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day. |
| Nutritional concerns for older children | Malnutrition. |
| Nutritional requirements for adolescence (ages 14-18) | Nutrient needs are greater than at any other time in the life cycle, except during pregnancy. |
| Energy requirements for girls (ages 14-18) | 1,800 to 2,400 calories. |
| Energy requirements for boys (ages 14-18) | 2,000 to 3,200 calories. |
| Carbohydrates AMDR for adolescents | 45 to 65 percent of daily calories. |
| Protein AMDR for adolescents | 10 to 30 percent of daily calories. |
| Fat AMDR for adolescents | 25 to 35 percent of daily calories. |
| Most important micronutrients for adolescents | Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and iron. |
| Anorexia nervosa | Undereating and excessive weight loss. |
| Bulimia nervosa | Binge eating, followed by compensatory behavior. |
| Binge eating disorder | Regular episodes of eating an extremely large amount of food in a short period of time. |
| Other eating disorders | ARFID, OSFED, EDNOS. |
| Causes of eating disorders | Stem from genetics, stress, low self-esteem, and other psychological and emotional issues. |
| Treatment for eating disorders | Cognitive, behavioral, and nutritional therapy as well as medical and inpatient treatment. |
| Energy requirements for young women (ages 19-30) | 1,800 to 2,400 calories. |
| Energy requirements for young men (ages 19-30) | 2,400 to 3,000 calories. |
| Carbohydrates AMDR for young adults | 5 to 65 percent of daily calories. |
| Protein AMDR for young adults | 10 to 35 percent of total calories. |
| Fat intake recommendation for young adults | Limit total fat to 20 to 35 percent of daily calories. |
| Adequate intake of water for females | 2.7 liters per day. |
| Adequate intake of water for males | 3.7 liters per day. |
| Dietary fiber | Helps bind indigestible food together and normalize bowel movements. |
| Sources of dietary fiber | Oats, barley, rye, wheat, brown rice, celery, carrots, nuts, seeds, dried beans, oranges, and apples. |
| Middle Age | Ages Thirty-One to Fifty, focusing on health and wellness. |
| Nutrient-dense foods | Foods that provide a high amount of nutrients relative to their calorie content. |
| Moderate alcohol consumption | Drinking alcohol moderately or not at all to maintain health. |
| Physical activity recommendation | Engage in moderate physical activity at least 150 minutes per week. |
| Energy requirements for women | 1,800 to 2,200 Calories for women. |
| Energy requirements for men | 2,200 to 3,000 Calories for men. |
| Preventive nutrition | Dietary practices directed toward reducing disease and promoting health and well-being. |
| Unrefined carbohydrates | Carbohydrates that are less processed and retain more nutrients. |
| Antioxidants | Compounds found in colorful fruits and vegetables that may protect against disease. |
| Phytochemicals | Natural compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help protect against disease. |
| Omega-3 fatty acids | Healthy fats found in oily fish that can help prevent artery disease. |
| Menopause | The point in time that is one year after a person's last menstrual period, marking the end of fertility. |
| Perimenopause | The time leading up to menopause. |
| Dietary recommendations for women during menopause | Consume a variety of whole grains and other nutrient-dense foods. |
| High fiber diet | A diet that is high in fiber, low in fat, and low in sodium. |
| Calcium and Vitamin D supplements | Supplements recommended for women to maintain bone health. |
| Stretching exercises | Exercises to improve balance and flexibility and reduce the risk of falls and fractures. |
| Older Adulthood | Ages Fifty-One and Older, often referred to as The Golden Years. |
| Energy requirements for older adults (females) | 1,600 to 2,200 Calories for females. |
| Energy requirements for older adults (males) | 2,000 to 2,800 Calories for males. |
| Anorexia of aging | Condition characterized by poor food intake in older adults. |
| Dysphagia | Impaired ability to swallow, often associated with advanced dementia. |
| Neurological conditions | Conditions that may lead to memory loss, agitation, and delusions in older adults. |
| Longevity and Nutrition | Good nutrition and regular physical activity can help you live longer and healthier. |
Created by:
boringjen