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Basic Nutrition Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone Remodeling | Process in which bone tissue is broken down and then rebuilt at the same location (in adulthood). |
| Skeletal System | Provides structural support and protection for all other organ systems, allows for multiple types of movement, and synthesizes red and white blood cells and platelets in bone marrow. |
| Human Skeleton | Contains 206 bones divided into two main parts: the axial and the appendicular. |
| Axial Skeleton | Composed of eighty bones including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Composed of 126 bones including the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower extremities. |
| Types of Bones | Four types: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones. |
| Mineralized Matrix | Approximately 65 percent inorganic material in bones. |
| Hydroxyapatite | The primary crystal of bone formed from calcium and phosphorous. |
| Trabecular Bone | Also called spongy bone, it is one of the two different tissue types in bones. |
| Cortical Bone | Also called compact bone, it is one of the two different tissue types in bones. |
| Osteoblasts | Cells that build new bone tissue. |
| Osteoclasts | Large cells that break down bone tissue. |
| Osteocytes | Star-shaped cells that are the most abundant cell type in bone tissue. |
| Bone Resorption | Process in which osteoclasts secrete hydrogen ions, which acidify the local environment and dissolve the minerals in the bone-tissue matrix. |
| Osteoid | Bone tissue that is not mineralized. |
| Bone Adaptation | Bone is a living tissue that continually adapts itself to mechanical stress through the process of remodeling. |
| Bone Remodeling Steps | A multifaceted process involving four steps: osteocyte activation, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, surface preparation, and osteoblast-mediated bone building. |
| Calcium | Most abundant mineral in the body. |
| Functions of calcium | Bone and tooth formation, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, clotting factors, releases the hormone insulin from cells in the pancreas, helps break down glycogen in muscle cells, provides energy for muscle contraction. |
| Blood calcium regulation | Blood calcium is closely regulated by hormones. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Acts to increase calcium levels in the blood. |
| Calcitriol | Active hormone produced by vitamin D that helps to increase and regulate blood calcium levels. |
| Calcitonin | Hormone that has the opposite effect of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone, aiding in the maintenance of blood calcium levels by decreasing the calcium level as necessary. |
| Calcium Homeostasis | Low calcium levels in the blood stimulate PTH release from the parathyroid glands, which releases calcium from the bones, stimulates calcium uptake in the kidneys, and increases absorption in the intestines. |
| Sources of calcium | Dairy products, primarily cheese and milk; fortified sources such as cereals, soy milk, orange juice; tofu; broccoli, kale, mustard greens, and brussel sprouts. |
| Vitamin D | A group of fat-soluble vitamins derived from cholesterol. |
| Vitamin D3 source | More than 90 percent of vitamin D3 comes from casual exposure to the UVB rays in sunlight. |
| Nutritional rickets | A childhood bone disease caused by a lack of vitamin D, characterized by soft, weak bones that are susceptible to fracture. |
| Osteomalacia | Similar to nutritional rickets, in adults this disease involves softening and weakening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem metabolizing the vitamin. |
| Bone Mineral Density (BMD) | People with low levels of vitamin D in their blood have lower BMD and an increased incidence of osteoporosis. |
| Health benefits of vitamin D | Decreased risk of immune disorders, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, respiratory infections, prevents certain cancers, slows the progression of atherosclerosis, increases insulin secretion, blocks viral and bacterial infection. |
| Calcium health benefits | |
| Calcium needs | Calcium needs increase as we age. |
| Vitamin D activation | Converted to calcidiol first and then activated in the kidneys to its active form, calcitriol. |
| Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium | Specific intake values for calcium to maintain health. |
| Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D | Specific intake values for vitamin D to maintain health. |
| Calcium functions summary | Calcium has four primary functions: making bones strong and healthy, facilitating nerve-to-nerve communication, stimulating muscle contraction, and activating blood-clotting factors. |
| PTH | A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood. |
| Calcitriol | The active form of vitamin D that enhances intestinal absorption of calcium. |
| Calcitonin | A hormone that helps lower blood calcium levels. |
| RDA for calcium | Ranges from 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams per day for adults. |
| RDA for vitamin D | Ranges from 15 to 20 micrograms per day. |
| Calcium bioavailability | Varies in the body and is enhanced by vitamin D and estrogen. |
| Oxalates | Compounds that, when high in the diet, decrease calcium bioavailability. |
| Phosphorus | The second most abundant mineral in the human body, with 85% housed in the skeleton. |
| Magnesium | A mineral essential for bone maintenance and cellular energy reactions. |
| Fluoride | A mineral that blocks tooth decay and is part of mineralized bone tissue. |
| Vitamin K | Acts as a coenzyme that modifies proteins important for bone health. |
| Type 1 osteoporosis | Post menopausal osteoporosis, occurring in women aged 50 to 70, characterized by rapid bone loss. |
| Type 2 osteoporosis | Senile osteoporosis, typically occurring after age 70, affecting women more than men. |
| Bone mineral density | A measurement used to determine osteoporosis. |
| Osteoporosis | Excessive loss of bone over time, leading to weakened bones. |
| Dietary sources of magnesium | Include green leafy vegetables, fish, dairy products, meats, whole grains, nuts, chocolate, coffee, and hard water. |
| Dietary sources of fluoride | Primary source is fluoridated water. |
| Dietary sources of vitamin K | Include green vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, parsley, spinach, and lettuce. |
| Mechanisms of fluoride | Includes blocking acid formation by bacteria, preventing demineralization of teeth, and enhancing remineralization of destroyed enamel. |
| Consequences of magnesium deficiency | Can compromise bone health. |
| High phosphorus levels | Detrimental to bone health. |
| Bone health nutrients | Include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, and vitamin K. |
| Osteoporosis | A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures. |
| peak bone mass | Greatest quantity of bone tissue a person develops during his or her lifetime. |
| bone mineral density (BMD) | Measurement of the amount of calcified tissue in grams per centimeter squared of bone tissue. |
| dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | Procedure during which two X-ray beams pass through a person and calculate the amount of calcified tissue in grams per unit area of bone. |
| Excessive bone loss | Can lead to the development of osteopenia and eventually osteoporosis. |
| Risk Factors for Osteoporosis | Factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. |
| Nonmodifiable Risk Factors | Risk factors that cannot be changed, such as age, gender, and ethnicity. |
| Age | After age forty, bone loss is greater than bone growth. |
| Being female | Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. |
| Body type | Small frames are associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis. |
| Ethnicity | Being White or Asian increases the risk of developing osteoporosis. |
| Low estrogen levels | A risk factor for osteoporosis, particularly in postmenopausal women. |
| Medications | Certain medications like glucocorticoids can increase the risk of osteoporosis. |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder that can contribute to the development of osteoporosis. |
| Chronic kidney disease | A condition that can increase the risk of osteoporosis. |
| Hyperthyroidism | An endocrine disorder that can lead to increased risk of osteoporosis. |
| Physical inactivity | Lowers peak bone mass and decreases BMD at all ages, increasing fracture risk. |
| Being underweight | Contributes to a smaller frame size and lower peak bone mass. |
| Smoking | A modifiable risk factor that increases the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. |
| Nutrition | Dietary inadequacies, particularly low calcium and vitamin D intake, increase osteoporosis risk. |
| Osteoporosis Prevention | Methods to prevent osteoporosis include building peak bone mass when young and addressing modifiable risk factors. |
| Primary Prevention | Begins early in life. |
| Calcium intake during puberty | About one-half of mineralized bone is built during puberty - requirements for calcium intake are higher at this time than at other times in life. |
| BMD measurement criteria | People with one or more risk factors should have their BMD measured: Women who are past menopause with other risk factors, Men who are seventy or older. break a bone after age fifty, Men fifty to sixty-nine years of age with risk factors. |
| Nutrition for bone health | Adequate levels of calcium and vitamins A, C, D, E, and K. |
| Physical activity for bone health | Weight-bearing exercises, such as training with weights, Walking and running, Soccer and basketball. |
| Fall prevention strategies | Installing nightlights, railings on stairs, bars to hold onto in showers, Removing cords and throw rugs in walking paths, Have vision and balance checked frequently. |
| Secondary Prevention | Pyramid approach focusing on balancing nutrition, increasing physical activity, and preventing falls. |
| Underlying disorders treatment | Second level is to determine if any underlying disorders/diseases are causing osteoporosis and to treat them. |
| Pharmacotherapy | Third level involves administering medications. |
| Osteoporosis consequences | Osteoporosis is a childhood disease with old-age consequences. |
| Three-tiered approach | Involves lifestyle modifications, assessment and treatment of underlying causes of the disease, and pharmacotherapy. |
| Groups at risk for calcium inadequacy | Adolescent teens, Women with amenorrhea, Female athlete triad, Older adults, Postmenopausal women, Lactose-intolerant people, Vegans. |
| Calcium carbonate | One type of calcium supplement sold. |
| Calcium citrate | One type of calcium supplement sold. |
| Calcium lactate | One type of calcium supplement sold. |
| Calcium phosphate | One type of calcium supplement sold. |
| Elemental calcium content | About 200 milligrams per pill. |
| Lead in calcium supplements | Some brands derived from natural sources (oyster shell, bone meal, and dolomite) are known to contain high amounts of lead. |
| Benefits of calcium supplements with vitamin D | Peak bone mass is increased in early adulthood, BMD is maintained throughout adulthood, Risk of developing osteoporosis is reduced, Incidence of fractures is decreased in those who already had osteoporosis. |
| Calcium consumption advice | People with risk factors for osteoporosis are advised to take calcium supplements if they are unable to get enough calcium in their diet. |
| Excess calcium risks | Consuming more calcium than is recommended can impair absorption of other essential minerals such as iron and zinc. |
| GI tract calcium absorption limit | The GI tract can only handle about 500 milligrams of calcium at one time. |
| Diet high in phosphate | A diet high in phosphate decreases bone health. |
| Lactose-free diet effects | May predispose one to inadequate bone mineralization. |
| Best sources of calcium | The best sources of calcium come from the diet. |
| Calcium supplementation caution | There is need for caution when choosing different brands of calcium supplements. |
Created by:
boringjen