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Basic Nutrition Ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atoms | the basic building blocks of all matter, living and nonliving |
| free radicals | highly reactive atoms or molecules containing an unpaired electron |
| reactive oxygen species | molecules containing oxygen that have unpaired electrons and are highly reactive |
| antioxidant | any molecule that can block free radicals from stealing electrons |
| Superoxide Dismutases (SOD) | one of the three major enzyme systems that catalyze reactions to defend against free radicals |
| Catalase | one of the three major enzyme systems that catalyze reactions to defend against free radicals |
| Glutathione Peroxidases | one of the three major enzyme systems that catalyze reactions to defend against free radicals |
| Hydrophilic antioxidants | water soluble antioxidants that act in the cytosol of cells or in extracellular fluids such as blood |
| Hydrophobic antioxidants | lipid soluble antioxidants responsible for protecting cell membranes from free radical damage |
| Glutathione | an antioxidant chemical that the body synthesizes |
| Uric acid | an antioxidant chemical that the body synthesizes |
| Selenium | an antioxidant chemical obtained from diet |
| Vitamins A, C, E | antioxidant chemicals obtained from diet |
| Oxidative Stress | Imbalance in any cell, tissue, or organ between the amount of free radicals and the capabilities of its detoxifying and repair systems |
| Cancer | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Atherosclerosis | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Arthritis | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Diabetes | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Kidney disease | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Alzheimer's disease | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Parkinson's disease | a disease that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | conditions that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Cataracts | a condition that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Emphysema | a condition that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Aging | a condition that can be contributed to by free radical-induced damage |
| Free radicals | Unstable molecules that can accelerate the progression of diseases due to oxidative stress. |
| Antioxidant nutrients | Nutrients that help neutralize free radicals in the body. |
| Phytochemicals | Chemical compounds in plants that provide health benefits, supported by scientific evidence. |
| Vitamin E | An antioxidant vitamin that plays a role in immune function and blood vessel dilation. |
| Alpha-tocopherol | The biologically active form of vitamin E. |
| Dietary sources of vitamin E | Nuts, oils, paprika, red chili pepper, oregano, basil, cumin, and thyme. |
| Vitamin C | Also known as ascorbic acid, it is a water-soluble micronutrient and a highly effective antioxidant. |
| Dietary sources of vitamin C | Citrus fruits and many vegetables. |
| Vitamin C deficiency | Causes a number of different problems in the body. |
| Oxidative stress | A condition resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. |
| Adequate Intake | A recommended intake level of nutrients to maintain health. |
| Water-soluble micronutrient | A type of nutrient that dissolves in water and is not stored in the body. |
| Immune system | The body's defense system against infections and diseases. |
| Blood vessel dilation | The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow. |
| Inhibition of blood-clot formation | The process of preventing the formation of blood clots. |
| Vitamin A | A group of chemical compounds collectively known as vitamin A, including three forms: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. |
| Retinoids | A group of chemical compounds collectively known as vitamin A. |
| Dietary sources of Vitamin A | Preformed vitamin A is abundant in many animal-derived foods; carotenoids are found in high concentrations in vibrantly colored fruits and vegetables and some oils. |
| Phytochemicals | Chemicals produced by plants that may affect health but are not nutrients. |
| Carotenoids | Pigments synthesized by plants that include two classes—xanthophylls (contain oxygen) and carotenes, linked to decreased risk of AMD and some cancers. |
| Flavonoids | A large class of chemicals that includes anthocyanidins, flavanols, and isoflavones, effective free radical scavengers. |
| Organosulfur compounds | Found in garlic, onions, leeks, and cruciferous vegetables, associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. |
| Lignans | Group of chemical compounds obtained from many food sources including grains, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and flax-seed. |
| Herbs and Spices | Aromatic parts of plants, such as leaves, seeds, pods, and berries, linked to decreased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. |
| Selenium | An antioxidant mineral that detoxifies free radicals and protects endothelial cells, with deficiency conditions including poor immune function and type 2 diabetes. |
| Antioxidant Minerals | Includes selenium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc, which allow for optimal detoxification of free radicals in proper doses. |
| Oxidative stress | Results from an imbalance between free radicals and their detoxifying and repair systems. |
| Health benefits of antioxidant supplements | Many claims are made about health benefits of antioxidant supplements, but they are not backed by scientific evidence. |
| Antioxidant-rich foods | Consuming antioxidant-rich foods is scientifically supported as being associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases. |
| Free radicals | Unstable atoms that can cause damage to cells, leading to chronic diseases. |
| Vitamin C | A vitamin that acts as an antioxidant and is important for the immune system. |
| AMD | Age-related macular degeneration, a condition linked to carotenoid intake. |
| Prostate cancer | A type of cancer that has been associated with selenium deficiency in men. |
| Colorectal cancer | A type of cancer that has been associated with selenium deficiency in women. |
| Type 2 diabetes | A chronic condition that can be influenced by antioxidant levels and selenium deficiency. |
| Cardiovascular disease | A range of diseases that can be influenced by the intake of phytochemicals and antioxidants. |
| Antioxidants | Substances that protect against free radicals and may regenerate other antioxidants. |
| Phytochemicals | Compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants and have various health benefits. |
| Dietary Antioxidants | Antioxidants obtained from food that are beneficial in proper doses but can cause harm in excess. |
| Health-related conditions | Conditions that might be mitigated by consuming antioxidant- and phytochemical-rich foods. |
| Variety of foods | Importance of consuming a range of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, teas, and grains for antioxidants and phytochemicals. |
| Miracle cure | The concept that no single pill or supplement can replace the benefits of a healthy diet. |
| Plant-based foods | Foods that provide health benefits attributed to nutrients and phytochemicals. |
| Nutrients and phytochemicals | Substances present at low concentrations in foods that work together for health benefits. |
| Additive effects | The combined health benefits resulting from the mixture of different nutrients and phytochemicals. |
| Synergistic effects | Enhanced health benefits that occur when nutrients and phytochemicals work together. |
| Food Policy Council | A local or state initiative to improve food availability and quality. |
| Farm-to-where-you-are programs | Initiatives that promote local food sourcing to increase access to fresh produce. |
| Community gardens | Gardens developed in communities to increase local access to fruits and vegetables. |
| Emergency food programs | Programs that provide food assistance and can increase their supply of fruits and vegetables. |
| Farmers' markets | Local markets where farmers sell their produce directly to consumers. |
| Healthy dietary pattern | A balanced diet that includes adequate amounts and variety of fruits and vegetables. |
| Recommended amounts | The suggested daily intake of fruits and vegetables that most Americans do not meet. |
| Government encouragement | Actions taken by government to promote increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. |
| Cafeteria offerings | The types of food served in medical centers, universities, and community establishments. |
| Workplace nutrition | Providing fruits and vegetables at meetings and events in workplace settings. |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption | The act of eating fruits and vegetables, which can be increased through various strategies. |
| Although studies have not concluded that vitamin this prevents the common cold it may reduce the severity | Vitamin C |
| Strategies to increase fruit and vegetable intake in Americans include | Grow farmers markets in all communities, Import foreign produce when out of season locally, Development and support of community home gardens |
| The tolerable upper intake level for vitamin A is | 3000mcg |
| Which of these is the highest in vitamin A | Liver |
| Vitamin A | Vision |
| Vitamin C | Reduces the severity of colds |
| Vitamin E | Helps reduce macular degeneration |
| When detoxifying and repair systems in the body or insufficient it is considered to be under | Oxidative stress |
| Which of the following antioxidants can the body synthesize | Uric acid Glutathione |
| Which of the following antioxidants are water soluble | Vitamin C |
| Side effects of High vitamin C intake include which of the following | GI upset Diarrhea |
| The correct RDA for vitamin A for an adult for a female and for a male | Between 700 and 900 mcg |
| Which of the following are considered to be the big three antioxidant vitamins | Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E |
| Unpaired electrons are called | Free radicals |
| Free radicals are unstable electrons with_______ electrons | Unpaired |
| For a 50 year old male what is the RDA for vitaminE | 15mg |
| Put each structured element of atoms into the following order of negative positive and no charge | Electron Proton Neutron |
| Which food product is a good source of the vitamin required to avoid scurvy and must be obtained in diet | Oranges |
| Which foods are high in vitamin E | Wheat germ Almonds Sunflower oil Peanuts |
| vitamin A | Reduces inflammation |
| phenolic acid | Protect cell membrane |
| lipoic acid | Regenerates vitamin C and E |
| vitamin C Protects | DNA |
| Which of these malabsorption disorders puts a patient more at risk for glaucoma and dementia | Cystic fibrosis Crohn's disease |
| vitamins A | Regulates growth and development |
| vitamins C | Protect lipids against free radicals |
| vitamins E | Inhibits blood clot formation |
| Which of these are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity | Dry itchy skin Reopening of Old Wounds |
| lignans | Nuts |
| organosulfers | Garlic |
| flavanoids | Berries |
| Vitamin E is a group of____ chemically similar compounds | 8 |
| Vitamin E is stored in the | Liver |
| Which statement is true concerning antioxidants | Hydrophilic work in the fluid portions of the blood Hydrophobic work in the cell membrane |
| The number of servings for fruits and vegetables recommended by the USDA each day is dependent upon | Age and sex |
| Retinoids are a group of similar vitamin_____ compounds | A |
| catalase | Uses iron as a cofactor to break down hydrogen peroxide |
| glutathione peroxidase | Uses selenium as a cofactor to break down hydrogen peroxide |
| superoxide dismutase | 2 superoxides break down hydrogen peroxide |
| Two types of age related macular degeneration are | Wet and dry |
| Scurvy is associated with a deficiency of which vitamin | Vitamin C |
| Which organization created State action guidelines concerning fruit and vegetable intake | CDC |
| Which conditions increase the number of free radicals in the body | Ozone Asbestos Smoke Excessive sunlight |
| Which of the following minerals have antioxidant functions | Manganese SeleniumCopper |
| Which population requires 35 mg a day more vitamin C than the average person | Smokers |
Created by:
boringjen