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AP Psych: Unit 5
Test Review Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | Clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| Medical Model | Concept that diseases, in this case psychology disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, threated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| Diathesis- stress model | The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis-) combine with the environmental stressors (stress) |
| Epigenetics | Above or in addition to genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression |
| What is the aim of a diagnostic classification? | To create an organization and describe symptoms (predicts disorder future/suggest treatment/prompts research) |
| What is the DSM-5 | Widely used system for classifying psychology disorders (diagnostic statical manual volume 5) |
| How have some diagnostic labels changed? | Autism and asperger's -> now autism spectrum Mental retardation -> intellectual disability |
| What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? | A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and or hyperactivity and impulsivity |
| Do disorders actually increase risk of violence? | No, clinical predictions of violence are unreliable |
| What increases vulnerability to mental disorders? | Lots of comments but one main predictor of mental disorders is poverty across different genders/ethnicities |
| Anxiety disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Social anxiety disorder | intense fear and avoidance of social situations |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | a person who is continuously tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal |
| Panic disorder | unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror, chest pain chocking, and freight senses |
| Phobias | Persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panics |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and compulsions (behavior) or both |
| What are obsessive thoughts | unwanted and repetitive (seems like they won't go away) |
| What are compulsive behavior | often responses to these thoughts |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling and/or insomnia that lingers for four or more weeks at a time |
| Survivor resilience and post traumatic growth | SR: recovering after a sever stress PG: think what doesn't kill you makes you stronger |
| How does classical conditioning influence our fear responses? | fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events |
| Describe how stimulus generalization and reinforcement also contribute to fears and anxieties | SG: Person experiences a fearful events and later developed a fear for similar events R: Helps maintain fear and anxiety that was learned previously |
| How do our past experience influence fear and anxiety | They shape our expectations and influence our interpretation/reactions Ex; people with anxiety tend to be hyperventilate |
| Major depressive disorder | Occurs when at least 5 signs of depression last two or more week |
| What is persistent depressive disorder | Experience mildly depressed mood more often than not for two years or more (also called dysthymia) |
| What is bipolar disorder? | Alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcitement |
| What is mania? | Hyperactivity, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common (Little need for sleep/fewer sexual inhabitations/positive emotions persist) |
| Bipolar I and Bipolar II | B1: most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that last weeks or longer B2: a less severe form in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania |
| Why is bipolar disorder more dysfunctional than depression | It’s less common than depression but claims twice as many lives a year |
| Describe the linkage analysis of genetic influences on depression | Points to a chromosome neighborhood (house to house research to find the culprit) |
| Discuss how two main neurotransmitters influence depression and bipolar disorder | Norepinephrine: increases arousal/ boost mood (Scarce in depression but abundant in bipolar) Serotonin: scarce or inactive during depression |
| What is the social-cognitive perspective? | How people assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive (depressed people view life in a dark glass) |
| What is rumination? | Compulsive fretting is overthinking our problems and their causes |
| Why is depression a vicious cycle? | 1) stressful experience 2) negative explanatory style 3) depressed mood 4) cognitive and behavioral change |
| Why do suicidal urges typically arise? | when people feel disconnected from others a and a burden to them, or when they fee; defeated and trapped by an inescapable situation |
| What is schizophrenia? | Delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression |
| What is a psychotic disorder? | A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality |
| What is the difference between positive and negative behaviors? | PB: inappropriate tears/laugh, hallucinations/disorganized NB: appropriate, absence of emotion |
| Define Hallucinations | False sense of sensory experience such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| Define Delusions | A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Describe what Word Salad is | It's jumbled ideas that make no sense within a sentence |
| What is catatonia? | Characterized by motor behavior ranging from physical abnormalities-remaining motionless for hours to senses compulsive actions. |
| When does schizophrenia typically strike | Young people maturing into adulthood (1 in 100 people) |
| Difference between chronic schizophrenia and acute schizophrenia | CS: symptoms appear late adolescence's or early adulthood and episodes last longer and periods of recovery are shorter AS: Begins at any age frequently occurs in responses to a traumatic event |
| Describe dopamine overactivity with schizophrenia | Hyper response dopamine system can intensify brain signals creating positive symptoms such a as hallucinations (drugs like amphetamines and cocaine) |
| Describe abnormal brain activity and anatomy with schizophrenia | - low brain activity in frontal lobes - decline in the brain waves that reflects synchronized neural firing |
| What are some early signs of schizophrenia | - social withdrawals, abnormal behaviors - birth complications -> separation from parents - short attention span -> poor muscle coordination |
| Cognitive behavioral therapies | Works best for anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, depression |
| Behavioral conditioning therapies | Works best specifically for behavioral problems such as bed wetting phobias compulsions martial problems and sexual dysfunction |
| Psychodynamic therapies | Works best for depression and anxiety |
| Nondirective (client centered) counseling | Mild to moderate depression |
| What is evidence based practice | Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
| What is meant by alternative therapies? | Newer, nontraditional therapies, there is little evidence for or against them (most medical treatments are ineffective and harmful) |
| What is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing | "better than nothing" placebo and distraction, anxious thoughts vanish when eyes are spontaneously dart about (unlock and repress frozen memories) |
| What is light exposure therapy | To counteract depression, people will spend time each morning exposed to intense light that mimics natural outdoor light (effective as taking antidepressants drugs or undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy) |
| Summarize the three ways psychotherapy helps people? | - Hope for demoralized people - may improve their moral - A new perspective - An empathic, trusting, caring relationship |
| What is a therapeutic alliance | A bond of trusting and mutual understanding between a therapist and client who work together constructively to overcome the clients problem |
| Describe the difference between individualism and collectivism have an effect on therapy | I: gives priority to personal desire and identity C: more mindful if social and family responsibilities, group goals |
| What do biomedical treatments do? | Drugs that affect the brains circuitry with electrical stimulation, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery; or influence its responses with lifestyle changes |
| What is psychopharmacology? | Study of effects of drugs on mind and behaviors |
| What are antipsychotic drugs and list a couple examples? | Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder (ex; chlorpromazine/thorazine) |
| What is the effect of the molecules of most antipsychotic drugs on neurons? | Similar to neurotransmitter dopamine, occurs receptor cites and blocks activity, overactive dopamine system contributes to schizophrenia |
| Define antianxiety drugs and list a couple examples | Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (ex; Xanax or Ativan -> depress central nervous system activity) |
| What is a criticism of antianxiety drugs | The immediate relief reinforces a person tendency to take drugs when anxious (can also be addictive) |
| Define antidepressant drugs and list a couple of examples? | Treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD (ex; detective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (prozac, Zoloft) |
| How do many antidepressant drugs work? | Work by prolonging the time serotonin molecules remain in the brain synapses |
| What are mood stabilizing drugs and give an example | Controlling manic episodes associate with bipolar disorder (ex; leithium effectively levels the emotional highs and low of this disorder) |
| What is electroconvulsive therapy? | For severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| Transcranial electrical stimulation | Stimulating electrodes and TDCs Devices (psychiatrist applies a weak current to scalp) |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | Pulsed magnetic fields, wivre coil sends a painless magnetic field through the skull to surface of the cortex to alter brain activity |
| Deep brain stimulation | Electrode probe pulses generators (stimulates electrodes implanted in sadness centers to calm these areas) |
| What is psychosurgery | Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior (least used and most drastic) |
| What is a lobotomy? | Once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients, the procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain |
| What is meant by resilience? | The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even truama |
| What is post traumatic growth? | Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with challenging circumstances and life crisis |
| What are insight therapies? | Aim to improve psychological functioning by increases a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
| What is client centered therapy? | Also known as person centered theory, uses techniques such as active active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth |
| Describe active listening? | Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes restates and clairifes |
| What is meant by unconditional positive regard? | A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude believed would help clients develop self-awareness and acceptance |
| What is behavior therapy? | Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior |
| Describe counter conditioning? | Behavior therapy procedures that uses classical conditioning ro evoke new responses to stimulate that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies/aversive conditioning |
| What are exposure therapies? | Behavioral techniques such a as systematic desensitization and virtual reality that treat anties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid |
| What is systematic desensitization? | A type of exposure therapy that associates pleasant replaced state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimulus (to treat the phobia) |
| What is virtual reality exposure therapy? | A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fear, ex; public speaking/airplane rides/spiders |
| What is aversive conditioning? | A type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| What is a token economy? | An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desirable behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats |
| Define connective therapies? | Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking based on assumptions that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| What is rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | A confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Elis that rigiously challenges people's illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions |
| What is stress inoculation therapy? | Teaches people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations |
| What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) | A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy changing self-defeating thinking with behavioral therapy changing behavior |
| What is group therapy | Therapy conducted with a group of people rather than individuals, providing benefit with group interaction and can save clients money |
Created by:
SamanthaKotas