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Digestive System
4/30/25 4/3/26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scurvy | Condition caused by a lack of vitamin C Collagen cannot be replaced leading to tissue breakdown Adult patients may suffer from fatigue, bleeding gums, swelling, slow-healing wounds, bruising |
| Function of digestive system | Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs |
| Characteristics of the Canal | Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves Muscular Layer - smooth muscle, pushes food (PERISTALSIS) Serosa - lubricates surfaces |
| Mixing Movements | mix food with digestive juices |
| Propelling Movements | Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube |
| Mouth the mouth | begins digestion by chewing and mixing with saliva |
| Tongue | moves food, connects to floor of mouth via FRENULUM; has papillae |
| Palate | forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft); Uvula - back of mouth |
| Palatine Tonsils | part of the immune system |
| Tonsillitis | is an inflammation of the tonsils and will often, but not necessarily, cause a sore throat and fever. In chronic cases tonsillectomy may be indicated. |
| Tonsil stones | hard white formations that are located on or within the tonsils. Caused by grooves and ridges on the tonsils can harbor bacteria and other debris. That debris eventually hardens, forming a stone. |
| Root canal | - a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it. - The term "root canal" comes from cleaning of the canals inside a tooth's root. - A cap is put on the top of the tooth |
| Salivary glands | Parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland |
| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar |
| Mucus cells | produce mucus for lubrication during swallow |
| Pharynx | nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx |
| Esophagus | moves food to the stomach esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the diaphragm cardiac (esophageal) sphincter at entrance to stomach |
| Stomach | Regions Cardiac Fundic Body (greater and lesser curvature) Pyloric |
| Stomach lining | Mucus - prevents stomach from digesting itself, small openings called gastric pits contain glands Glands secrete gastric juices to breakdown food Pepsin - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food |
| Chyme | paste after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve |
| Pancreas | secretes insulin which breaks down sugars Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat |
| Biliary system | Consists of liver, gallbladder, ducts Functions to create bile used in digestion |
| Liver Functions | 1. blood glucose levels 2. breakdown of lipids and fats 3. protein metabolism 4. stores vitamins 5. recycles RBCs 6. removes toxins 7. secretes bile |
| Small intestine | Main function: absorption of nutrients 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum Mesentery - supports coils of small intestines and contains blood vessels |
| Greater Omentum (peritoneum) | Curtain-like membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape |
| Intestinal villi | increase surface area for absorption of nutrients |
| Large Intestine | Cecum = start of large intestine, has attached appendix Colon = 4 sections- ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid Rectum – stores waste before it is expelled from the body Anus -muscular sphincter which controls the exit of waste |
| Large Intestine | Water reabsorption Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion (intestinal flora) Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food |
| Gastroenterologist | is a physician with dedicated training and unique experience in the management of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver |
| Individual Teeth: | Incisors: Front four teeth, used for cutting and biting Canines: One tooth on either side of the incisors, used for tearing Premolars (Bicuspids): Two teeth behind the canines, used for grinding Molars: Back teeth, used for crushing and grinding |
| Single Tooth Anatomy | Crown: Visible part of tooth above gum Root: Part of the tooth in jawbone Enamel: Hard, outer layer of crown Dentin: Hard, inner layer under enamel, most of the tooth Pulp: Center of tooth contains nerves and bv Cementum: Outer layer of the root |
| Mouth Parts | Gum: Soft tissue surrounding teeth Jawbone: Bone structure that holds the teeth in place Tongue: Muscular organ used for taste and speech Tonsils: Lymph nodes in the back of the throat Salivary Glands: Glands that produce saliva, helps with digestion |
| Order of alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, lleum), large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| Layers of alimentary canal (tube layers) | Four main tissue layers (from inner to outer): mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
| Parotid Glands | Located in front of and slightly below each ear. They produce a serous (watery) fluid. |
| Submandibular Glands | Situated below the jaw, on either side of the face. They secrete a mixed serous and mucous fluid. |
| Sublingual Glands | Found under the tongue, on either side. They secrete a mostly mucous fluid. |
| Protein Digestion | Stomach: Hydrochloric acid and pepsin break down proteins into smaller polypeptides. Small intestine: Pancrease releases enzymes to break down polypeptides into amino acids |
| Carbohydrate Digestion | Mouth: Salivary amylase begins breaking down starch into smaller sugars. Small Intestine: Pancreatic amylase and other enzymes continue the process, breaking down carbohydrates into monosaccharides like glucose. |
| Lipid Digestion: | Mouth: Lingual lipase in the saliva begins breaking down triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acid Stomach: Gastric lipase further digests lipids Small Intestine: Bile emulsifies fats, and pancreatic lipase breaks them down into fatty acid |
| Rugae | Folds or ridges, most commonly associated with the stomach lining but also found in other areas like the vagina and palate. |
| Termites | Can eat wood because they possess specialized gut microbes that break down cellulose, the primary component of wood. Endosymbiotic (mutualistic relationship). |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr