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AP Human Geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Map Projection | |
| Mercator Map Projection | Right Angle focus on longitude and latitude accurate direction distortion in size and the location of landmasses ex) Africa and Greenland |
| Goode Homolosine Projection | interrupted map equal area protection true size and shape of landmasses distortion in distance and edges of the map not helpful for direction |
| Interrupted map | tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe |
| Fuller Map Projection | landmasses without interruption true size and shape does not use the cardinal direction-> hard to tell direction distortion farther away from the center |
| Uninterrupted map | a map that displays the entirety of the earth's surface |
| Robinson Projection | distortion at the poles true size and shape of the landmass |
| Winkel Tripel Projection | more rounder that robinson distortion at the poles |
| Gall Peter Projection | most accurate map projection true size of landmass distortion in the shape of the land masses + direction |
| Reference Maps | informational maps shows boundaries names of places, and geographic features of an area |
| Topographic maps | maps that use contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes |
| Quatitative | Absolute |
| Qualitive | Relative |
| Absolute Direction | the exact direction you are heading |
| Absolute Distance | the exact distance between two places (Miles/Kilometer) |
| Relative Direction | The direction depends on the surrounding area |
| Relative Distance | an approximate measurement between two places (time, direction) |
| Absolute Location | the exact spot where something is located |
| Relative Location | description of a location using surrounding geographic features |
| Thematic map | a map that displays spatial patterns of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics |
| Choropleth Maps | use colors to display datas |
| Pros of Choropleth Maps | showing quanitity and density |
| Cons of Choropleth Maps | Generalization |
| Small Scale map | shows large portion less details |
| Large Scale maps | shows less portion more details |
| Dot Density Map | use dots at the place the data is occurring |
| Pros of Dot Density Map | shows spatial distribution |
| Cons of Dot Density Map | confusing when data is clustered |
| Clustered | object in an area are close together with little to no space between them |
| Dispersed | objects in an area are spread out with ample space between them |
| Graduated Symbol Map | uses shapes items or symbols to show the location and amount of data |
| Pros of Graduated Symbol Map | visual |
| Cons of Graduated Symbol Map | confusing due to the overlapping information |
| Isoline Map | use lines to connect different areas that similar or equal amounts of information |
| Con of Isoline Map | can be hard to read |
| Cartogram Maps | show data in a dynamic way |
| Con of Cartogram Map | confusing due tot he amount of distortion |
| Pros of Cartogram Map | great at showing differences |
| Flowline Map | shows the movement of objects |
| Remote Sensing | a process of collecting information about the Earth's surface from satellites orbiting the Earth used for GIS |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a computer system that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data |
| Place | a specific point on the Earth's surface that has one or more unique characteristics |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | a network of satellites that are used to determine the location of something on the Earth's surface |
| Field Observation | visit a place and record firsthand observation data being gather in the real world |
| Pros of Field Observation | accurate and detailed data |
| Cons of Field Observation | might not be feasible due to cost or practicality |
| Landscape Analysis | Physical elements better understand the impact humans have had on an area |
| Photo Analysis | analyze photo to better understand the type of culture, demographic |
| Qualitative Data | information that is presented in word form and is often up for interpretation and debate |
| Quantitative Data | information that can be counted and presented in number form facts |
| Distance Decay | the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interaction larger the distance the less interaction |
| Supply Chain | network of people, organizations, resources, and activities that work together to create and sell different products |
| Time- Space Compression | the reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another (counter distance decay) |
| Flow | movement of people, ideas, goods, or services from one place to another |
| Spatial Association | relationship between different objects in an area |
| Space | physical gap between different objects in an area |
| Spatial Distribution | Density, Concentration, Pattern |
| Density | the amount of objects in an area |
| Concentration | the spread of objects in an area |
| Pattern | the arrangement of objects in an area |
| Place | Specific point on the Earth's surface that has one or more unique characteristics |
| Physical Characteristic | Rivers, Mountains, Oceans |
| Human Characteristics | religion, language, population |
| Sense of place | a strong perception people have of a place |
| Placelessness | a place that does not invoke any strong response from individuals due to a lack of unique characteristics |
| Site Factors | Characteristics that are at a specific location ex) climate, absolute location |
| Situation Factors | Locations surrounding a place (connections one place and another) ex) relative location, river, road |
| Environmental Possibilism | The idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people have the ability to adjust/modify the physical environment to overcome those limits technology made it easier |
| Environmental determinism | the environment sets the possibilities for humans and society |
| Human- Environment Interaction | how people shapes the environment + how environment shapes the people |
| Land Use | describes how land has been changed or modified to be used for specific purpose or task |
| Sustainability | the use of Earth's resources in a way that ensures those resources will still be available in the future |
| Scale of Analysis | observation of data at the global, national, regional , and /or local scale |
| Scale | relationship of a distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the ground |
| State | a geographic area organized into one political unit |
| Region | Geographic area with common characteristics and patterns of activity |
| Formal Region (Uniform Regions) | geographic area with common attributes, traditionally defined by economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics Homogenous |
| Functional Region (Nodal Regions) | geographic area organized around a node or center point, often based around economic activities, travel, or communication |
| Perceptual Region (Vernacular Regions) | a geographic area that has no perfect definition, it only exist because of people's beliefs, feelings, and attitudes of the regions |
| Four Regions with 2/3 of the world population | South Asia: India,Bangladesh, Sri Langka East Asia: China, Japan, Korean Peninsula Southeast Aisa: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam Europe-> unlike other has people located closer to Natural Resources |
| Pull Factors | rivers, ocean, fertile soil access to water connects to other geographic area-> participate in trade economic opportunities political stability desired cultural preferences |
| Push Factors | too dry, too wet, too cold. too high |
| Environmental Possibilism | the idea that the environment puts limits on society, but people have the ability to adjust/modify the physical environment to overcome those limits |
| Population Density | the amount of people in an area |
| Population Distribution | the spread of the people in an area |
| types of Density | Arithmetic Density, Physiological Density, Agricultural Density |
| Arithmetic Density | Total Population/ Total Amount of land |
| Physiological Density | Total Population/ Total Amount of Arable Land |
| Agricultural Density | Amount of farmers/ Total amount of Arable land |
| What does Agricultural Density shows | how developed the technology is or how efficient a society is at producing food |
| Higher Agricultural Density shows | more manual labor a society is using to produce food |
| Carrying Capacity | the amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging the environment |
| Overpopulation | no longer meet the want and needs of the current population |
| Sex ratio | number of male birth/ number of female births x 100 |
| Dependency Ratio | number of children 0-14 + number of adult 65+ /Working Age Population x100 |
| Elderly Denpendecny Ratio | number of people 65+ years old /number of people age 15- 64 years old x 100 |
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