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If an ecologist were studying the regional interactions among multiple populations of different species, and how they influence the exchange of materials between their various environments, which of the following best represents this scale of research?
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For mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds, which of the following best explains why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side?
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Ch’s 52-56 Test
Stack #4445944
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If an ecologist were studying the regional interactions among multiple populations of different species, and how they influence the exchange of materials between their various environments, which of the following best represents this scale of research? | Landscape ecology |
| For mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds, which of the following best explains why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side? | Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation leaving drier air to descend the leeward side |
| Subtropical plants are common in Land's End, England, however, at the equivalent latitude of Labrador in coastal Canada, the local flora is instead subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe? | Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador |
| What is most likely to happen if the earth were titled 35* off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degree? | Winters n summers would be more severe |
| Which of the following would be most likely result if the earths axis were perpendicular to the orbital plane between earth and the sun | The elimination of seasonal variation |
| The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that | Solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere |
| If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will most likely replace portions of the coniferous forest (taiga)? | Temperate broadleaf forest n grassland |
| Which of the following is the cause of generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns? | Solar radiation that warms moist air masses near the equator, which then cool and release precipitation as they rise, and then at high altitudes move north or south of the tropics and sink back to the surface as dry air masses |
| In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit primary productivity? | Light availability |
| If the direction of Earths rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be | Winds blowing from west to east along the equator |
| Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? | Tropical rainforest |
| Generally deserts are located in places where air masses are which of the following | Descending |
| Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is caused by which of the following | The changes in the density of water as seasonal temps change |
| If a deep temperate zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons as they normally do, which of the following conditions is most likely to results | Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers |
| Which aquatic biome listed here is one of the most productive on earth and why | Coral reef, diversity of organisms |
| In most cases the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are | Precipitation and temperature |
| Which of the following biomes spans a large annual mean temperature range and the narrowest mean precipitation range? | Desert |
| Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity? | Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances |
| Which of the following causes seasons to occur on earth? | The angle of earths axis with respect to the sun, combined w its orbit around the sun |
| Which of the following investigations would provide the most informative data to use for predicting the future distribution of organisms in temperate regions that are faced w climate change | Look at the climatic changes that occurred since the last ice age and how species redistributed as glaciers melted |
| Which of the following biomes has the lowest number of vertical strata? | Tundra |
| Two evolutionary unrelated plant species may live within the same type of biome but on different continents. Which of the following mechanisms would most likely result in these two species having similar traits? | Convergent evolution |
| Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to | determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population |
| A species population's size may vary depending on a number of factors including crowding and resource limitation. As N approaches K (carrying capacity) for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic growth model? | the population growth rate will approach zero |
| A population's carrying capacity | may change as environmental conditions change |
| Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth model? | competition for resources |
| Which of the following is an energetic trade-off in natural selection? | high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parent care |
| Which of the following traits is characteristic of K-selected populations? | offspring with good chances of survival |
| To determine the density of a rabbit population, one would need to know the number of rabbits and __________. | the size of the region in which they live |
| Researchers marked 800 turtles in a population, and six months later they were able to trap a total of 300 more individuals, of which 150 were marked. Which of the following is the best estimate of the total population size? | 1,600 |
| During exponential growth, a population always | has a constant per Capita population growth rate |
| A researcher is studying two old-growth forests on the coast of California: 1 is undisturbed, while the other is being disturbed from logging & harvesting of the wood by a company. In which region are more species likely to have exponential growth & why? | logged forest, because the disturbed forest affords more resources allowing some species populations to grow rapidly |
| A broad-based, pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is __________. | growing rapidly |
| Which of the following is the most accurate statement on Earth's carrying capacity for humans? | our technology has allowed the human population to keep increasing K |
| Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that | the ecological footprint of the US is large cuz per Capita resource use is high |
| Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2019 will be closest to | 7.8 billion |
| The principle of competitive exclusion states that | two species with the exact same niche cannot coexist in a community |
| Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement | is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use |
| Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between | sympatric populations of a species with similar ecological niches |
| Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? | two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern |
| Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? | a nonvenomous larva of a moth that moves like a venomous snake |
| Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? | the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly catepillars |
| Which of the following is an example of a commensalism? | cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison |
| Which of the following would be most helpful in understanding the structure of an ecological community? | which and how many species are present overall |
| Which of the following would be the best experiment for an ecologist to conduct to test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it? | observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitior |
| Which of the following statements best supports the elephants' role as a keystone species in this scenario? | elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community re |
| Which of the following best explains why moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? | Habitat is opened up for less competitive species |
| According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is | large and close to a mainland |
| Which claim best explains the observation that species richness is higher in tropical regions than in temperate regions? | tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation |
| Using the symbols +, -, and 0 to indicate interspecific species interactions, which interactions of the following would exist between a lion pride and African wild dogs, if the dogs are the lions' prey and are found to typically avoid areas with lions? | +/- |
| Using the symbols +, -, and 0 to indicate interspecific species interactions, where the first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned, which of the following claims/statements is correct? | A +/- interaction could shift to +/0 or +/+ over time, depending on other factors such as competition, population density, or environmental changes |
| which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore population would negatively impact its prey population, but not vice versa? | P ← C |
| Which of the following behaviors results in keystone predators maintaining species diversity in a community? | prey on the community's competitively dominant species |
| Which of the following best explains why food chains are sometimes short? | the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next higher level is inefficient |
| Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities? | tropical communities have higher sunlight and precipitation, and are generally older than temperate or polar communities |
| Which of the statements below best describes a zoonotic disease? | it is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector |
| Which of the following best explains why a pathogen is generally more virulent in a new habitat? | hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen thru natural selection |
| Which of the following studies would provide the most reliable evidence to understand the mechanism of spread of H5N1 virus from Asia to North America? | Perform anal or saliva smears of migrating waterfowl to monitor whether any infected birds show up in Alaska. |
| Which of the following is a reason that a diet consisting primarily of fruits and vegetables results in a smaller ecological footprint than a diet high in meat content? | eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic prod |
| which of the following organisms is correctly paired with its trophic level | phytoplankton - primary producer |
| why is this process important for the cycling of nutrients for primary production | it provides conversion of organic matter from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds and makes them available for primary producers |
| In order to recycle nutrients, which of the following minimum components must an ecosystem have? | producers and decomposers |
| Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is consumed but not used to produce new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? | it is eliminated by feces or is dissipated into space as heat as result of cellular respiration consistent with the second law of thermodynamics |
| Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mineral nutrients in soils and their implication for primary productivity? | phosphorus is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leeching |
| which of the following terms encompasses all the others? | heterotroph |
| Which of the following best explains the observation that matter may be gained by, or lost from, ecosystems? | matter can move from one ecosystem to another |
| Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling? | the phosphorus cycle includes the weathering of rocks |
| The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as | restoration ecology |
| Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling within an ecosystem? | the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem |
| Which of the following is an example of bioremediation? | adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium |
| Many of the organisms in the ocean are nutrient-limited. Which of the following would be the most reasonable approach if you wanted to investigate this phenomenon? | experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas |
| Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk, assuming a 10% trophic efficiency? | 0.01% |
| Which of the following ecosystems would likely have the largest net primary productivity per hectare and why? | grassland, because of rapid growth, the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores and rapid decomposition |
| Which of the following is a reason that logged tropical rain forest soils typically have nutrient-poor soils? | Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber. |
| Which of the following organisms is correctly paired with a trophic level? | grasshopper - primary consumer |
| Which of the following are the main forms of energy inputs and outputs that move through an ecosystem? | sunlight and heat |
| How may primary production be measured in the two ponds? | as chlorophyll concentration per mililiter and as phytoplankton density in millions of cells per mililiter |
| Why is it that nitrogen is often a limiting plant nutrient, despite the fact that the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen gas (N2)? | because plants cannot fix N2 |
| Which of the following is an ecosystem service that includes processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment? | green plants and phytoplankton produce the oxygen we breathe |
| ______________ has caused the greatest number of extinctions on record, and __________________ is predicted to cause the greatest number of future extinctions. | habitat loss, climate change |
| What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? | habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction |
| Which of the following threats to biodiversity impacts a specific species at one time, but also has the capacity to impact many other species due food-web interactions? | over harvesting |
| Which of the following best describes how introduced species can have deleterious effects on the biological communities they invade? | competing with native species for resources and displacing them |
| Which of the following best describes the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? | genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction |
| If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular frog species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to prevent the species from going extinct? | genetic diversity |
| Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect? | large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates |
| Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex? | genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time |
| Which of the following is the most likely reason why establishing new nature reserves in current biodiversity hot spots may not necessarily the best choice? | changing environmental conditions may shift the location of the hot spot |
| Which of the following can be caused by nitrogen and sulfur oxide air pollutants, which are released during the burning of fossil fuels? | the death of fish in lakes |
| which of the following best describes a critical load | the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity |
| Which of the following observations provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis? | high rate of extinction |
| Loss of biodiversity matters not only with regard to mammals or other vertebrates, but also to microbes. Which of the following best explains the importance of discovering and protecting microbes from extinction? | microbes may produce unique proteins useful in genetic research |
| Which of the following strategies was used to rescue Illinois prairie chickens from a recent extinction vortex? | introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation |
| If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following statements will always be accurate? | the effective population size will be less than the actual population size |
| Which of the following is the main purpose of movement corridors? | to connect two otherwise isolated populations |
| Brown-headed cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by | parasiting the nests of forest birds and feeding on open field insects |
| The impact of the deforestation on the biodiversity of the ecosystem is a major focus of research and conservation efforts. Which of the following is a direct benefit to humans that best explains why these forests need to be preserved? | the diversity could contain novel medications for consumers |
| How would evolution by natural selection influence the rate at which native predators, parasites, and pathogens attack an introduced species? | the longer an introduced species persists in a new environment, the more likely it will find itself a target of pathogens, parasites, and predators |
| If a local population of a species goes extinct, which of the following outcomes is/are possible? | Genetic variation may be lost from the species as a whole. The overall adaptive prospects of the species may decline. Population numbers of species that interacted with the extinct population may increase. |
| which of these is a consequence of biological magnification? | Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. |
Created by:
kingsleya27