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Supreme Court Cases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | - Issue: Does the Supreme Court have the authority to enforce judicial appointments? - Decision: Established judicial review, giving the judiciary power to declare laws unconstitutional - Significance: Strengthened judiciary's role in federal government |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | - Issue: Can Congress establish a national bank, and can states tax it? - Decision: Congress has implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause, and states cannot tax federal entities. - Significance: Strengthened federal power and supremacy |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | - Issue: Can Congress regulate gun possession under the Commerce Clause? - Decision: Limiting Congress's power, the Court ruled that the possession of guns in schools did not fall under "interstate commerce" - Significance: Reaffirmed state authority |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | - Issue: Does state-sponsored prayer in public schools violate the Establishment Clause? - Decision: School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause (unconstitutional) - Significance: Strengthened the separation of church and state |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) | - Issue: Can states force Amish children to attend school beyond 8th grade? - Decision: The Free Exercise Clause allows religious exemptions to education requirements - Significance: Expanded religious freedom protections under the First Amendment |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | - Issue: Does banning students from wearing black armbands (protesting the Vietnam War) violate free speech? - Decision: Students have free speech rights unless it disrupts learning - Significance: Affirmed First Amendment free speech rights in schools |
| New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) | - Issue: Could the government block publication of the Pentagon Papers (classified)? - Decision: Prior restraint is unconstitutional unless a direct national security threat is proven - Significance: Strengthened First Amendment press freedoms |
| Schenck v. United States (1919) | - Issue: Are Schenck's anti-draft leaflets protected free speech? - Decision: No, speech that presents a "clear and present danger" can be limited - Significance: Defined limits on free speech under the First Amendment |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | - Issue: Does the Constitution protect a woman's right to abortion? - Decision: The right to privacy from the 14th Amendment includes abortion access within the first trimester - Significance: Guaranteed women's reproductive rights |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | - Issue: Do defendants have the right to an attorney in state courts if they can't afford it? - Decision: The 6th Amendment ensures legal representation and counsel - Significance: Expanded due process rights and protections in criminal cases |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | - Issue: Is racial segregation in public schools constitutional? - Decision: No, it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment - Significance: Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" and ended school segregation |
| Citizens United v. FEC (2010) | - Issue: Can limits be placed on corporate funding of political advertisement? - Decision: No, corporate political spending is protected as free speech - Significance: Led to the rise of Super PACs and unlimited independent political spending |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | - Issue: Can courts rule on legislative district reapportionment? - Decision: Federal courts can intervene in redistricting cases under the Equal Protection Clause - Significance: Established "one person, one vote" principle (equal representation) |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) | - Issue: Can racial gerrymandering be challenged under the Equal Protection Clause? - Decision: Yes, districts drawn predominantly on race are unconstitutional - Significance: Limited racial gerrymandering in elections |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) | - Issue: Does the 2nd Amendment apply to state/local governments? - Decision: Yes, the right to bear arms is incorporated through the 14th Amendment - Significance: Strengthened gun rights at the state level |