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TestOut PCPro Sec 11
Networking
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Networking Protocols | Sets of rules that govern how devices communicate on a network, ensuring data is transmitted, received, and processed correctly, regardless of hardware or software differences. |
| Network interface (NIC) | A hardware component that enables a computer or device to connect to a network. |
| Network ID | The portion of an IP address that identifies the network a host belongs to. |
| Subnet Mask | A 32-bit binary number that separates an IP address into network and host bits. |
| Peer-to-peer network | A decentralized network where all participating computers directly share resources and communicate with each other without relying on a central server. |
| Client-server network | Type of network where devices or applications request resources or services from a central server, which then processes the requests and provides the requested information. |
| Personal area network (PAN) | A very small network used for communication between personal devices. |
| Local area network (LAN) | A network in a small geographic area, like an office. |
| Metropolitan area network (MAN) | A network that covers an area as small as a few city blocks to as large as an entire metropolitan city. |
| Wide area network (WAN) | A group of LANs that are geographically isolated, but are connected to form a large internetwork. |
| Subnet | A portion of a network where all devices share a common network address. |
| Storage attached network (SAN) | A special type of network that provides high-speed access to storage across the network. |
| Internet | A large, world-wide, public network. |
| Intranet | A private network that uses internet technologies. |
| Extranet | A private network that uses internet technologies and makes its resources available to external trusted users. |
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | A connection-oriented transport protocol that uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection before data transfer begins. |
| Packet Header | A special label that defines the sender, receiver, and order position of the packet. |
| User Datagram Protocol (UDP) | A connectionless transport protocol used in computer networks, offering fast but less reliable data transmission. |
| FTP | Commonly used protocol for exchanging files over the internet that supports TCP/UDP |
| FTP | Port number TCP/UDP 20 and TCP 21 |
| TCP/UDP 22 | Secure Shell port number |
| 25 | Default port for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
| 23 | Telnet port |
| 53 | Domain Name System port number |
| 80 | Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) port |
| 110 | Post Office Protocol 3 port |
| POP3 | E-mail protocol used to retrieve email from a remote server to a local client over an IP connection; operates on port 110. |
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) | Protocol used to dynamically assign IP addressing information to network hosts when they come online. |
| 137, 139 | NetBIOS ports used to 1) establish the connection between two computer and 2) to transfer data during the session. |
| Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) | An email retrieval protocol designed to enable users to access their email from various locations without transferring messages or files between computers. |
| 143 | Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) port |
| Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) | Protocols used to monitor and manage network devices. |
| 161, 162 | SNMP default port numbers |
| Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) | A standard, open, vendor-neutral application protocol used for accessing and managing directory services |
| 389 | Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) port # |
| HTTPS | A secure form of HTTP that uses TLS to encrypt all communication. |
| 443 | Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer (HTTPS) default port . |
| Server Message Block (SMB) | Protocol that enables the sharing of folders and printers on the network. |
| 445 | Server Message Block (SMB) port |
| Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) | A proprietary Microsoft protocol that allows a user to view and use the graphical desktop of a remote computer system as if they were sitting in front of it. |
| 3389 | Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) default port |
| IPv4 address | A 32-bit address that consists of four decimal numbers (ranging from 0-255), each separated by a dot |
| Default Gateway | A network device, typically a router, that acts as the "exit point" for network traffic destined for destinations outside of your local network, like the internet. |
| Dynamic configuration | Network configuration that uses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). |
| Class A | IPv4 address class with a range of 1 to 126 in the first octet and subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 |
| Class B | IPv4 address class with a range of 128–191 in the first octet and subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 |
| Class C | IPv4 address class with a range of 192–223 in the first octet and subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 |
| Class D | IPv4 address class with a range of 224–239 in the first octet, specifically designed for multicast communication, allowing a single packet to be sent to a group of hosts, useful for applications like streaming and data distribution. |
| Class E | IPv4 address class with a range of 240–255 in the first octet, reserved for experimental and future use, not for general use on the public internet. |
| The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) | A department of ICANN that manages the assignment of IP addresses on the internet. |
| Regional Internet Registry (RIRs) | An organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a region of the world. |
| Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) 169.254.0.0 | A feature that allows a device to automatically assign itself an IP address on the 169.254.0.0 network when a DHCP server or manual configuration is unavailable. |
| Loopback 127.0.0.1 | A special address, called localhost or home address, reserved by each network interface card (NIC) and is used for testing purposes. |
| Broadcast *.*.*.255 | The last valid IP address on a network reserved for broadcast functions. |
| Network *.*.*.0 | The first valid IP address on the network reserved for the network ID and used for routing purposes to identify the network, not usually assigned to a host. |
| An IPv6 address | A 128-bit address written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons. |
| Prefix | The first 64-bits in an IPv6 address comparable to the network ID in a IPv4 address. |
| Interface ID | The last 64-bits in an IPv6 address that serves a unique identifier for each device. |
| Unicast address | An address type assigned to a single interface for the purpose of allowing one host to send and receive data. |
| Link-local addresses | Network addresses valid only for communication within a local network segment or link. |
| Unique local | Private addresses used for communication within a site or between a limited number of sites. |
| Multicast address | A special IP address used to send data to a group of recipients on a network simultaneously. |
| Server | A computer with a special operating system that can provide different roles on the network; can handle multiple roles or one specific role. |
| A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) | A domain name that spells out each level of the hierarchy. |
| .com, .edu, .gov, .org | Extensions for the top-level domain (TLD) names |
| DNS zones | A portion of the Domain Name System (DNS) namespace used to maintain and define the domain namespace. |
| A record (host address) | DNS record that maps an IPv4 (32-bit) DNS host name to an IP address, most common resource record. |
| AAAA (quad-A) | DNS record that maps an IPv6 (128-bit) DNS host name to an IP address. |
| Pointer (PTR) | DNS record that maps an IP address to a host name (by pointing to an A record). |
| Canonical Name (CNAME) | DNS record that provides alternate names (or aliases) to hosts that already have a host record. |
| DHCP Server | A network server that automatically provides and assigns IP addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. |
| DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) | An email authentication standard that uses PKI cryptography to protect against spoofed emails by verifying the sender's domain address. |
| Sender Policy Frameworks (SPF) | An email authentication protocol that helps prevent email spoofing by allowing domain owners to specify which mail servers are authorized to send emails on their behalf. |
| Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) | An email authentication protocol that combines the protections of both DKIM and SPF to protect users from malicious emails. |
| Load Balancer | A device or service that distributes network traffic across multiple servers, improving availability, performance, and scalability by preventing any single server from becoming overloaded. |
| Proxy Server | An internet appliance that is typically configured to monitor all incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking specific categories of content, caching information from sites on the internet, etc. |
| Unified Threat Management (UTM) Appliance | Internet appliance that combines multiple functions such as firewall, anti-malware, intrusion prevention system into a single device. |
| Internet of Things (IoT) | A system of connected computing devices and objects that use unique identifiers and send data over a network without requiring human interaction. |
| Zigbee | Common open-standard short-range IoT communication protocol that operates at the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maximum distance of 60 feet between each hop. |
| Z-Wave | Common closed-standard short-range IoT communication protocol that operates at the 908.42 MHz frequency and has a maximum distance of 250 feet between each hop. |
| Embedded system | A complete computer system that is designed to perform a specific dedicated task. |
| System-on-chip (SoC) | Type of a microprocessor that incorporates all components on the board, including processor, memory, peripheral functions. |
| Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) | A microprocessor created to perform a single function, typically are used by a company in a single product, offer high performance with low power consumption. |
| Industrial Control Systems | Hardware and software systems, networks, and controls that handle the workflow and automation process for all sorts of machinery. |
| Programmable logic controller (PLC) | A specialized controller that can be programmed to perform specific tasks. |
| Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) | Controllers that can monitor and control PLC systems, gather data and adjust the system based on the data acquired from sensors. |
| Human-machine interface (HMI) | A touch-screen control panel or software running on a computer system that allows the operator to make configuration changes in the system. |
| Modbus | A special network protocol that controller systems use to communicate with each other. |
| Wireless networking (Wi-Fi). | Networking type that allows devices to connect to a network and the internet wirelessly using radio waves. |
| 2.4 GHz | Frequency at which wireless signals can travel further, but transmit data at a slower rate. |
| 5 GHz | Frequency at which wireless signals can not travel as far, but can transmit data at a faster rate. |
| IEEE 802.11a | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in the 5 GHz band, has a maximum range of 100 ft, and offers a maximum speed of 54 Mbps. |
| IEEE 802.11b | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz band, has a maximum range of 150 ft and offers a maximum speed of 11 Mbps. |
| IEEE 802.11g | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz band, has a maximum range of 150 ft and offers a maximum speed of 54 Mbps. |
| IEEE 802.11n | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band, has a maximum range of 300 ft and offers a maximum speed of 600 Mbps. |
| 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in 5 GHz band, has a maximum range of 300 ft and offers a maximum speed of 3.46Gbps. |
| 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) | A Wi-Fi standard that operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band, has a maximum range of 300 ft and offers a maximum speed of 14 Gbps. |
| Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) | Wireless technology that increases bandwidth by using multiple antennas for both the transmitter and receiver. |
| Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) | An enhancement to MIMO that allows multiple users to use the same channel. |
| Channel bonding | Wireless technology that combines multiple radio frequency channels into one virtual channel to increase bandwidth and data rates |
| Pre-shared key (PSK) | An authentication code or password shared between two or more parties before communication, used to secure a network or communication channel by providing an encryption key. |
| Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) | A feature that allows a device to securely connect to a wireless network without entering the PSK and works only on a network that uses a PSK and an appropriate encryption protocol. |
| Open network | An access method that requires no authentication. |
| Captive portal | A webpage users encounter when connecting to a public Wi-Fi network, acting as a gate for authorized access. |
| 802.1x | A network authentication protocol that uses a RADIUS server for network access control, commonly used in WPA2-Enterprise networks |
| WPA2 | A Wi-Fi security protocol that employs a shared password (passphrase) for device authentication and data encryption. |
| WPA3 | A Wi-Fi security protocol introduced in 2018 to address the vulnerabilities inherent in the WPA2 handshake and to support newer technologies. |
| Bluetooth | Wireless technology designed to allow devices to communicate within a personal area network (PAN) of close proximity. |
| Bluetooth 1.0 | Bluetooth version , operates at a range of 10 meters and speeds up to 1 Mbps. |
| Bluetooth 2.0 | Bluetooth version, operates at a range up to 30 meters and speeds up to 1 Mbps. |
| Bluetooth 3.0 | Bluetooth version, operates at a range up to 30 meters and speeds up to 1 Mbps. A special mode known as High Speed (HS) allows the Bluetooth device to use a nearby 802.11 link to achieve speeds up to 24 Mbps. |
| Bluetooth 4.0 | Bluetooth version, operates at a range up to 60 meters and speeds up to 1 Mbps |
| Bluetooth 5.0 | Bluetooth version, operates at a range up to 240 meters and speeds up to 2 Mbps |
| Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) | Wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data from small circuit boards (tags) to special scanners. |
| Near Field Communication (NFC) | Wireless technology that allows two-way communication between two devices that are within 2 inches of each other. |
| Small office/home office (SOHO) | A smaller network that does not use servers to manage network resources or enterprise level switches to connect devices. |
| Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) | A protocol typically used by DSL providers that allows them to regulate internet access using username and password authentication. |
| Static configuration | SOHO network configuration where you must manually configure the IP address, subnet mask, and DNS server. |
| Service Set Identifier (SSID) | The unique name for the wireless network. |
| Network Address Translation (NAT) | A protocol that allows multiple computers to share a single public IP address on the internet. |
| Wireless Access Point (WAP) | A networking device that allows wireless-capable devices to connect to a wired network. |
| Router | An advanced networking device that connects two networks together. |
| Hub | A basic networking device that receives data from one connected device and broadcasts it to all other connected devices, regardless of the intended recipient. |
| Switch | A networking device that connects client devices together using Ethernet cables. |
| Virtual local area network (VLAN) | A virtual network that is created on a switch by assigning specific ports to be a part of a broadcast domain. |
| Firewall | A network security system that acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, such as the internet |
| Power over Ethernet (PoE) | A technology that allows both data and power to be transmitted over a single Ethernet cable. |
| Software-Defined Networking | A networking approach that consists of a specialized controller that allows remote management of all network devices. |
| ipconfig | Windows CLI command that displays the device's current IP configuration information for each network adapter. |
| ip | Command line utility in Linux that you can use to manage IP configurations, network interface controllers, and routing rules. |
| ping | A network utility that tests the reachability of a host on an IP network by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets and waiting for responses |
| traceroute (Linux), tracert (Windows) | A network utility that shows the path data takes from one computer to another. |
| pathping | A network utility that performs the same function as tracert, but also shows information such as the network latency and packet loss for each hop. |
| netstat | A command-line network utility used to display active network connections, listening ports, and network statistics. |
| nslookup (Windows)/ dig (Linux) | A command-line network utility that resolves the IP address of a specified hostname. |
Created by:
Neilya