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Physiology
Weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system? | The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintaining homeostasis. |
| What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart? | The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. |
| Define stroke volume. | Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each heartbeat. |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Cardiac output = Heart rate (HR) × Stroke volume (SV). |
| What are the two main types of blood pressure? | Systolic pressure (during heart contraction) and diastolic pressure (during heart relaxation). |
| Describe the function of the respiratory system. | The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body. |
| What is tidal volume? | Tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. |
| What role does hemoglobin play in oxygen transport? | Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues, acting as the primary carrier of oxygen in the blood. |
| What is the Bohr effect in terms of oxygen transport? | The Bohr effect describes how an increase in CO2 or a decrease in pH leads to a reduced affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, promoting oxygen release in tissues. |
| How does the kidney regulate acid-base balance? | The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to maintain the blood's pH within a narrow range. |
| What is the normal pH range of human blood? | The normal pH range of human blood is 7.35 to 7.45. |
| Define metabolic acidosis. | Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or the kidneys cannot remove enough acid, leading to a decrease in blood pH. |
| What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? | he RAAS regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention through the action of aldosterone. |
| Describe the process of glomerular filtration. | Glomerular filtration is the process by which the kidneys filter blood in the glomerulus, allowing water, ions, and small molecules to pass into the renal tubules while larger molecules remain in the blood. |
| What is the function of the loop of Henle in the kidneys? | The loop of Henle concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and sodium, creating a concentration gradient that helps with water conservation. |
| Define the term "renal clearance." | Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys per unit of time. |
| What is the role of the small intestine in digestion? | The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption, where enzymes break down food and villi and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption. |
| What is bile, and what is its function? | Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine. |
| What are the key functions of the large intestine? | The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces, and houses beneficial gut bacteria. |
| What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? | Innate immunity provides immediate, nonspecific defense against pathogens, while adaptive immunity involves a targeted response that improves with repeated exposure to the same pathogen. |
Created by:
cynthiamathews30