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resp
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of the resp sys | provide o2 and get rid of co2, regulate blood pH, vocal sounds |
| pulmonary ventilation | moving air into and out of lungs so gasses are always refreshed (breathing) |
| external respiration | moving oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs (at the level of the lungs/alveoli) external bcs its still connected from outside |
| internal respiration | movement of oxygen from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to blood (level of rest of body) |
| mechanics of breathing | inspiration - air rushing in the lungs expiration - air rushing out |
| Boyle's law | pressure increases and volume decreases (inverse) |
| air flows from ___ pressure to _____ pressure | high, low |
| intrapulmonary | pressure within the alveoli of the lungs; equal to atmospheric pressure |
| intrapleural pressure | pressure between parietal and visceral pleura 4hmm less |
| surface tension | created by pleural fluid in pleural space |
| forces holding thelungs to the wall | surface tension, absorption of gases in pleural space into capillary blood, positive pressure within lungs |
| force pulling lungs away from the wall | natural recoil ability, surface tension of fluid film (surfactant) in alveoli |
| inspiration | diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracts - expands - volume increases causing pressure to decrease, air rush into the lungs, |
| expiration passive | natural elasticity of lungs diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax, lungs recoil, volume decreases, pressure increase- air rush out |
| expiration active | active: forced expiration contraction of ab muscles to tighten rib cage to decrease volume |
| respiratory volumes | TV ) tidal volume) - air moved with normal breathing 500 irv (inspiratory reserve vol) - air forcibly inspired after normal TV 2100-3200 ERV (expiratory reserve vol - 1000-1200 rv (residial volume) - amt of air still in lungs after ERV (1200) |
| capacities | ic (inspiratory capacity- TV+IRV) frc (functional residual capacity) - ERV + rv - amount of air in lungs after tv vc (vital capacity( - tv + irv + ERV - total amt of exchangeable air tlc (total lung capacity) - sum of all |
| anatomical dead space | air that never contributes to gas exchange ( nose to terminal bronchi) usually equal to someones weight in pounds |
| o2 transport | on hemoglobin of rbcs (98%) dissolved in blood plasma (2%) |
| co2 transport | dissolved in plasma (7) on hemoglobin of rbcs (23) as biocarbonate ion hco2 in the plasma (70) |
| hyperventilation | shallow quick breaths - too little co2, raises pH and makes blood alkaline - alkalosis |
| hypoventialtion | deep heavy breaths - too much co2 in the blood, lowers pH and makes blood acidic - acidosis |
| what controls resp | medulla oblongata - respiratory center in the brain stem pons - smooth transition between inspiration and expiration cough - response to pulmonary irritant reflexes |
| what increases breathing rate | decrease in blood o2, increase in blood co2, inflation reflex - prevents overfilling of lungs, emotions, fear, pain (symphathetic ns) |
| lung anatomy | right lung - 3 lobes upper, mid, lower left lung - 2 lobes (upper lower) cardiac notch found here |
| pleurae & pleural fluid | serous membrane - thin double layered with fluid in the middle serous fluid - fluid between parietal and visceral pleura for ease of movement |
| parietal and visceral pleura | p- lines thoracic cavity v - covers lungs |
| homeostatic imbalances of pleura | pleurisy or pleural effusion - inflammation of the pleura |
| conducting zone | provides rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange site, cleanses warms and humidifies incoming air, made of upper resp tract, right and left bronchi second and teritiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles |
| respiratory zone | actual site of gas exchange - made of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs (alveoli) |
| nose | cartilage and bones support the nose, hair filters large particles from air, mucus filters particles |
| nasal conchae | bone that divides nasal cavity, increase surface area and supports mucus membrane |
| deviated septum | septum is bent to one side |
| sinueses | spaces between skull bones, Reduces the weight of the skull and resonates voice, sinus cavities connect to nose, sinusitis - inflammation of the sinus tissue causes excess mucus production |
| larynx | enlargement of cartilage at superior end of trachea, made up of cartilages, Adams apple, vocal folds |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the muscous membranes that prevents proper movement of the vocal cords |
| croup | inflammation of the vocal folds, infants, barking cough |
| glottis and epiglottis | glottis - opens into the windpipe- production of sound epiglottis-cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx. |
| right and left bronchi | the two branches at the bottom of the trachea that lead into each lung |
| secondary bronchi | lobar bronchi, division of the bronchi into each lobe of the lung |
| teritiary bronchi | segmental bronchi, branches from the secondary bronchi that descend deeper into the lung |
| bronchioles | smaller branches from the tertiary bronchi to connect the terminal bronchioles |
| terminal bronchioles | the most distal segment of the conducting zone, lined with cuboidal club cells |
| respiratory bronchioles | connects the terminal bronchioles to the alevor ducts |
| alveolar ducts | connects the respiratory bronchioles to the alevor sacs (alvioli) lined with mucus glands |
| alevolar sacs alveoli | simple squamous epithelium embedded with capillaries site of gas exchange |
| Asthma | chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disorder, affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus buildup, leading to breathing and digestive problems |
| pneumothorax | a condition where air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space), causing the lung to collapse. |
| hypoxia | a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues. |
| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing - no movement of lungs |
| tachypnea | rapid and shallow breathing |
| eupnea | normal, relaxed, and effortless breathing, also known as quiet or resting respiration |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath or difficulty breathing - not enough air |
| emphysema | a lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs (alveoli), making it difficult to breathe and exchange oxygen |
| bronchitis | an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to and from your lungs |
| COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) | group of lung diseases that cause ongoing inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, leading to difficulty breathin |
| coronavirus | damage the lungs by causing inflammation |
| evali | (E-cigarette or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injury |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | fatal respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses |
| lung cancer | cell growth blocks airways and reduces lung function |
| mesothelioma | cancerous growth in pleura - restricts lung expansion |
| pneumonia | lung infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs, potentially leading to fluid or pus buildup |
| pulmonary embolism | condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks one or more pulmonary arteries |
| rsv respiratory syncyital virus | Inflammation and mucus buildup block airways |
| SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) | Likely impaired breathing regulation during sleep |
| tuberculosis | Bacterial infection causes lung tissue destruction |
| lymphatic sys main function | drains excess fluid, filters pathogens, and supports immunity; immune system defends against infections. |
| Lymph nodes | Filter lymph, trap pathogens. |
| Spleen | Filters blood, removes old RBCs, stores WBCs. |
| Thymus | Matures T-cells. |
| Tonsils | Trap pathogens from air/food. |
| Lymph movement & reabsorption: | Moves via skeletal muscle contraction, respiratory movements, and valves; reenters blood at subclavian veins. |
| Lymphedema | Swelling due to lymph fluid buildup. |
| Lymphoma | Cancer of lymphocytes (Hodgkin’s vs. Non-Hodgkin’s). |
| Autoimmune disorders: | Body attacks itself (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). |
| Acquired vs. congenital disorders: | Acquired: Develops after birth (HIV, allergies). Congenital: Present at birth due to genetic factors (SCID). |
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