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APes unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| point source pollution | contamination that originate from a single known source (ex: chemical plant releasing wastewater ) regulated by Clean Water Act |
| nonpoint source pollution | diffuse source often caused by runoff carrying pollutants (ex: fertilizers and pesticide washing into river) regulated by Clean Water Act |
| range of tolerance | optimum range needed for homeostasis outside range: stress and lower growth/reproduction |
| importance of coral reef | biodiversity/habitat, food source, shore protection(tsunami), tourism, medicines |
| threats to coral reef | physical: boat damage, anchors, blast fishing, poisoning chemical: sedimentation, cyanide, oil spoil, plastic biological: invasive species(lionfish) indirect: climate change increase natural threats |
| natural threats to coral reef (human magnify) | storm impact, temperature changes, salinity change, predation, algal growth most are due to climate change, some is invasive species and eutrophication |
| oil spills | oil coats feathers and furs (mammal/bird) health issue/death from ingestion(fish) smothering, immobilization(invertebrates) |
| wastewater | produced by livestocks and humans activities high BOD(Biochemical oxygen demands) thus less dissolved oxygen |
| case studies on oil spill | 1. EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL (1989) 2. ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) 3. DEEPWATER HORIZON (2010) |
| endocrine disruptors | Mimic hormones causing overstimulation, or Bind to a receptor within a cell and block the real hormone, stopping response. ex: pesticides consequence on fish: birth defects, gender imbalance, decrease offspring |
| wetland | a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where anaerobic processes prevail - flood control - shoreline stabilization - storm protection - nursery of speices |
| mangroves | salt-tolerant trees that grow along tropical shorelines inhabit intertidal zone underwater roots threats: commercial development, dam construction, over harvesting, pollutants |
| eutrophication | excess nutrients in the water anthropogenic causes cultural eutrophication (N and P) algal blooms, lead to high BOD and dead zone waterways low in oxygen |
| oligotrophic waterways | low nutrients, stable algae populations, high DO |
| leads to eutrophication | sewage(treated/untreated), detergents, fertilizer/manure, runoff, combustion |
| oxygen sag curve | clean->decomp->septic->recovery->clean trout, perch, bass ->trash fish(carp) -> no fish, fungi and bacteria -> trash fish -> trout |
| sediment pollution | caused by construction, agriculture, erosion increase turbidity, reduce sunlight clog gills and eutrophication |
| thermal pollution | Power plants/ factories use cooling water, pump hot water back into waterways Warm water contains less dissolved oxygen (DO) Decreased respiration, suffocation of aquatic organisms Cooling Towers can reduce temps |
| Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) | not easily break down because they are synthetic, carbon-based molecules travel long distances fat-soluble, so they bioaccumulate and biomagnify ex: DDT(pesticide) |
| bioaccumulation | increase in concentration of a pollutant in an organism |
| biomagnification | increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain effect on top carnivores: thinning eggshells, reproductive malformation effect on human: reproductive, nervous, circulatory system |
| Common toxins that biomagnify | 1. PCBs 2. Mercury 3. DDT (pesticide) |
| solid waste pollution | Garbage and sludge --GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH |
| landfills | traditional landfill environmental problem: - leachate and gases(methane) |
| leachate | contaminated water that passes through municipal solid waste into the soil and waterways excessive production of CH4 (methane) is due to anaerobic conditions |
| Sanitary Landfills | Intent is to contaminate the surrounding environment as little as possible Plastic or clay bottom layer Stormwater collection Leachate collection Methane recovery for energy use Clay and soil cap |
| Decomposition rates depend on | composition of the trash conditions needed for microbial decomposition |
| incineration | burn waste to reduce volume and mass; sometimes can generate electricity or heat (called a waste-to-energy system) |
| ash | residual non-organic material that does not combust |
| E-waste | electronic devices that like old computers, smartphones, televisions that cannot be discarded only 2% but responsible for 70% of toxic |
| life-cycle analysis/cradle-to-grove | consider all materials and energy used in the lifetime of a product from raw materials to final disposal |
| waste and GDP | waste is produced by a nation has a direct correlation to the nation's GDP |
| municipal solid waste | refuse collected by municipalities from households, small businesses, and instituion |
| shift to throw-away society | industralization - new tech, access to energy cultural shift: priotize convenience and speed export our manufacting and disposal |
| Three Rs | source reduction: reduce use of potential waste mats reuse: increase of residence time in system recycling: open-loop (conversion of mats into new product) close-loop (a manufactured good is broken down to raw mats and recycled back into similar product |
| composting | creation of organic mats by decomp under controlled condition ensure good C:N ratio boost microbial activity rotation to provide oxygen or anaerobic releases like methane |
| hazardous waste | liquid, solid or gas that has been shown to be harmful to humans or environment (paints, pesticides) |
| CERCLA/superfund act | taxes on chemical and petroleum industries fund cleanup of non-operating hazardous waste authories gov respond to hazardous substance brownfields: newer federal program to clean up industrial sites that do no have superfund status |
| Bioaccumulation | absorption and concentration of toxic in an organism overtime |
| biomagnification | increase in the concentration % of toxic increasing higher in tropic level (DDT, mercury) |
| wastewater treatment stages | primary: physical, screen or traps large particles, all other sediment settle into grit chamber secondary: biological, encourage bacterial to breakdown mats through aeration tank, all other settle into sludge chemical disinfect using UV, chlorine, ozone |
| septic system | an underground wastewater treatment system used in areas without centralized sewage systems, consisting of a septic tank and a drain field to filter and decompose waste. |
| toxic agent | carcinogens: cause cancer mutagen: cause mutation teratogens: cause birth defects |
| LD50 | does of a substance that kills 50% of a test population Low LD50: very toxic high LD50: not as toxic |
| dysentery | due to pollution inflammation of intestines cause: bacteria/parasite form sewage effect: abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea |
| moesothelioma | due to pollution cancer in lung, heart abdomen exposure to asbestos, natural, glass-liked mineral effects on humans: difficulty breathing, tumors, rapid weight loss |
| tropospheric ozone effect | constrict the muscles in airway, interferes with gas exchange as air consort passway. inflation of respiratory tissue |
| cholera | cause: consuming infected water(sewage) effect: diarrhea and dehydration |
| tuberculosis | cause: bacteria that infects the lungs, transmitted to other people through inhaling effect: persistent cough(bloody/mucus), weakness, loss of appetite |
| plague | bacteria that is carried by fleas/rodents effect: chills, fever, headache |
| malaria | only disease caused by protist cause: mosquitos carry protist and into our RBC effect: headache, fatigue, fever |
| ZIka virus | cause: carried by mosquitoes and transmitted through bites effect: mother can pass on to fetus |
| West Nile Virus | cause: mosquito bites and spread between birds/humans/horses effect: meningitis, encephalitis, CNS issue |
| MERS | cause: spread from camels to people, and people to people through contact effect: acute respiratory distress, pneumonic issue, death 35% |
| SARS | cause: virus that transmit through air (like colds) effect: respiratory distress, fever, fatigue, death 11% |
| percent change | final-initial/initial x 100 |
Created by:
Akai