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Lecture 12
Phonetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Speech perception | The process of a listener's auditory system recovering and analyzing the acoustic information from a speaker |
| Vowel Perception | Vowel Perception is generally more accurate than consent perception |
| Factors that affect vowel perception | -phonetic context -speaking rate -vocal tract length -duration -fundamental frequency |
| Consonant perception | Generally less accurate than vowel perception -consonants are shorter than vowels -acoustic characteristics are more complex and variable |
| Acoustic phonetics | physical properties, such as frequency, intensity, and duration of the sounds |
| Articulatory phonetics | Movements and/or positions of articulators |
| time | -refers to he duration of any particular sound -usually recorded in milliseconds but also may be recorded in seconds - 1 sec = 1000 msec |
| frequency | Defined as the number of cycles a vibrating body completes in 1 second - as frrequency of sound increases, so does the perceived pitch |
| intensity | refers to the amplitude (magnitude) of energy associated with a particular sound - The greater the energy associated with a particular auditory event, the greater the intensity |
| Waveform | Graphic representation of sound that display time on the x-axis and the intensity (amplitude) on the y-axis |
| Intensity Contour | Derived from the waveform -Shows the average intensity of the speech waveform at each moment in time from the beginning of the word until the end of the word -X-axis still represents time but the y-axis is now labeled in dB |
| Time/duration | vowels and diphthongs are generally loner than most consonants - the actual length of any vowel or consonant phoneme can be quite variable |
| Phone length varies in relation to | - Whether the phoneme occurs in stressed syllable - The phonemic context (the other vowels and consonants that surround a particular phoneme in a word) - The importance of the meaning of a word in an utterance that contains the phoneme |
| Spectrogram | A graphic representation of all three major physical parameters of sound - time: x-axis - Frequency: y-axis - Intensity: shading |
| Spectrum | the frequency array, or energy pattern, associated with any sound |
| Formants | - Dark horizontal bars are known as formants -Formants are resonant frequencies on the vocal tract |
| F1 (vowels) | F1 is inversely related to tongue height - the higher the tongue is elevated during vowel production, the lower th value of F1 |
| F2 (vowels) | F2 is directly related to tongue advancement - The more front the tongue placement is during vowel production, the higher the value of F2 |
| Formant frequencies are shaped by | -vocal tract anatomy -dialect -language experience -other sociolinguistic factors |
| Formant transition | -The dynamic change in frequency of th format from vowel to following consonant - helps demonstrate how changes in tongue position alter the resonance of the vocal tract |
| Voice onset time | acoustic cue for voicing - voiceless plosives have a longer VOT than voiced |
| Stop Gap | -precede the release of a plosive - A silent interval - takes more time to build up the intramural pressure needed for voiceless plosives - anger stop gap = voiceless |
| Voice Bar | -Low-frequency energy band that occurs during the stop gap when producing voiced plosives -the band of energy reflect vibration of the vocal folds during the period of the stop gap |
| Fricatives | -Appear as wide bands of energy that cover a wide range of frequencies -visual depict the turbulence of a fricative |
| Nasals | -can somewhat look like vowel with identifiable formants -can be easy to see where the nasal begins and ends due to the abrupt shift in the resonance pattern |
| Approximants | can look very similar to vowels, but are generally shorter in duration and less intense. |
| velar pinch | closeness of F2 and F3 and is only associated with velar plosives |
| Silbilants | the most intense fricatives and appear darker. -s, sh, zh, z |
| Non-silabants | the less intense fricatives, appear lighter - th, dth, f, v, h |
Created by:
Livy_Marolda