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APUSH PERIOD VIII
1945-1980
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Cold War | This is a proxy war (meaning non-direct) between The US and The USSR |
| The Soviet Union | This is a Communist country that did not have democratic rulings, and that had a strong central power |
| US Goals during The Cold War | To spread a free market economy (market based on supply and demand, no influence from gov.) The US wants this because this is Capitalism and if countries are capitalist, then they won't be Communist |
| President Harry S. Truman's Policy of Containment | This is when the US gave money to countries all over the world to stop the spread of Communism |
| Marshall Plan | This is the plan to send $17B to Europe and Japan to rebuild and to join the free market economy, therefore they can't be Communist |
| NATO | This is the alliance between Western Europe and the Americas that was aimed at stopping Soviet aggression |
| Warsaw Pact | The alliance between Soviet powers to attack any country that attacked any of the countries that signed |
| "Red China" | Due to influence from the USSR, China became a Communist Power |
| Nuclear Soviets | Soviet forces figured out how to make a VERY powerful atom bomb |
| The Korean War | This is a war between North Korea (incl. China) and South Korea (incl. US) this caused Communism to be contained in North Korea and North and South Korea to split into separate countries |
| Second Red Scare | This was caused by the rise of Communism in Eastern Europe, no one wanted to be seen as Communist and most people supported Cold War Military initiatives |
| McCarthyism | This was a man who spread anti-Communist ideals across America and who accused random people of being Communist (w/o proof) |
| Post War Government Spending | The US gov gave a lot of money for affordable housing (FHA) and the highway system. This caused an increase of the middle class and increased consumerism |
| G.I. Bill | This is a federal program to give veterans free college and cheap housing, however this only applied to white veterans, contributing to the racial wealth gap |
| Private Sector Growth | This would be a business or factory that had a large growth due to Consumerism |
| Baby Boom | This is an increase in children being born, this caused more safety standards and demands for higher education |
| Middle Class becomes the Norm | Due to gov subsidies, there were now more white collar workers than blue collar workers |
| Suburbs | Due to the GI Bill giving cheap loans to soldiers, this gave most Americans the ability to own their homes for the first time, these similar homes were made to give homes |
| Sun Belt | This is the SW coast of America, more factories were made there which caused a lot of migration there. This caused the Rust Belt in the Midwest of factories that shut down |
| The TV Age & Consumer Culture | Due to TV being in most Americans homes, there was an increase in Consumer culture due to ads |
| Mass Culture/Homogeneous Culture | Due to the Second Red Scare causing Americans to fear being seen as Communist, a lot of Americans became similar in culture |
| Origins of a New Feminist Movement | After WWII, many women returned to the home, going back into Cult of Domesticity standards, due to this, the ERA will try to pass later |
| Youth and Counterculture | Beatniks, who are youth that rebelled against expected culture and Rock n' Roll emerged going against expected norms |
| The CIA vs. FBI | The CIA tried to promote counterculture so that the US didn't look conformed (like the USSR) and the FBI tried to stop it because counterculture, also means Communist, which they were both trying to stop |
| Broken Promises of Reconstruction | 14th- Birthright citizenship & equal protection under law 15th- All men can vote (both still need to be enforced) |
| Double V Campaign | This is the campaign that encouraged Black men to join the WWII war effort, WEB DuBois supported this |
| Truman's Executive Order to Desegregate the military | Due to Congress not passing any laws relating to Civil Rights, Truman made a federal decision to do this |
| Dixiecrats | This is a state's rights party made of former democrats that didn't like that Truman desegregated the military, they wanted full segregation between races |
| NAACP Strategies | Some strategies for this involved getting all Black Americans the right to vote and attacking segregation in courts |
| Brown V. Board of Education | This is the case that desegregates segregation in US Schools and overturns Plessy V. Ferguson ("Separate, but equal") |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Due to the unjust arrest of Rosa Parks, Black Americans avoided using these busses until racist policies were overturned |
| Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Non-Violet Resistance Strategy | After being inspired by Christian theology and David Thoreau and Gandhi, Dr. MLK Jr. wanted to change the public opinion on Civil Rights to cause more laws to be passed |
| The Little Rock Nine | The governor of Arkansas continued to try to enforce school segregation, so Eisenhower had to call the 101st Airborne to escort Black Students to school |
| Decolonization | This is the process of France and Britain giving up their WWII land claims in Africa and Asia. The US and Soviet Union tried to get those countries into capitalism or communism, respectively |
| The CIA | This is a government branch created to act in secret about foreign issues (fighting Communism) |
| CIA Overthrow in Iran | Due to the new Prime Minister stopping easy access to oil for America, the CIA arrested him and stopped democratic processes in Iran |
| CIA overthrow in Guatemala | After a new leader was elected to stop United Fruit Co. the CIA funded a terrorist group to overthrow Arbenz causing a Civil War and ending democracy in Guatemala |
| The Cuban Missile Crisis | After Cuba became independent, it became Communist and there were rumors that atom bombs were held there. JFK made a naval blockade which resulted in an agreement to take nukes out of Cuba and Turkey, causing no atomic war |
| Military Industrial Complex (MIC) | This is America's growing nuclear arsenal & how it impacts the economy. War makes the economy boom, but Eisenhower advises to stop relying on this |
| Vietnam War | France still had land claims over Vietnam, but after liberation occurred through war (the USA helped France) there was Communist North Vietnam and Capitalist South Vietnam |
| Ho Chi Minh's Nationalist Movement | Ho Chi Minh is a Vietnamese man who wanted liberation from France first via the USA, then via Communism. He did achieve liberation by a political movement (nationalist movement) |
| Viet Cong Guerrillas | These are South Vietnamese citizens fighting against their own government to reunify Vietnam |
| President LBJ Presidential Powers during the Vietnam War | Presidential Powers from LBJ were thought to be overstepped as he send US troops to fight the Viet Cong w/o officially declaring war on North Vietnam |
| US Strategy for winning the Vietnam War | A merciless bombing campaign on North Vietnam, this didn't work though because Viet Cong fighters would hide underground |
| Creation of the credibility gap | Because Vietnam was the first televised war there was a gap in the amount of deaths reported by the White House and deaths shown on the news |
| The Pentagon Papers | This is documented proof that LBJ systematically lied about Vietnam & that caused US citizens to never fully trust the US gov again |
| Widespread Poverty Persisted | This is because of racial discrimination that prevented POC from making enough money to get out of poverty |
| LBJ's Great Society/ War of Poverty | This had the goal of eradicating poverty in the US and ending racial discrimination. LBJ did this via introducing: food stamps, NPR, Fair Housing Act |
| Medicare & Medicaid | This allows for cheap healthcare for those over 65 and free healthcare for people who are disabled, pregnant, or in poverty |
| The height of Modern Liberalism | This means that the government is doing a lot of intervention to benefit citizens of a country, hence the name, "Great Society" |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | This repeals the Immigration Act of 1924 and caused the majority of immigrants to be from Latin America and Asia |
| Ella Baker and SNCC | This is the leader of SNCC who helped the Civil Rights Movement and popularized Student Organizations |
| Direct Action Sit-Ins | These are Non-Violent Acts where Black men sat at Segregated counters all around America which caused the white public to join the Civil Rights Movement |
| The Freedom Rides | This is the travelling bus that went around the south showing how the south ignored Supreme Court orders to stop discrimination, the KKK did throw a bomb inside the bus, stopping this movement |
| Malcolm X & "The Ballot or the Bullet" | This is a Black man who wanted human rights and liberation for America's Black population. His message was to get constitutional rights by any means just as the American public did for the American Revoultion |
| Freedom Summer | This is the Summer of 1964 where student groups sent White College students to the South to try and get Civil Rights laws passed |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | A Civil Rights leader who, despite facing exceptional violence and discrimination, made significant progress for the Civil Rights Movement |
| Selma March | This was organized by MLK and SNCC to get Voting Rights passed after ONLY Civil Rights Acts were passed |
| Civil Rights Act, 1964 | This act was passed by LBJ that got rid of Jim Crow Laws and prohibited discrimination based on sex and nation of origin |
| Voting Rights Act, 1965 | This got rid of racist grandfather clauses and allowed for a TRUE DEMOCRACY for the first time where all citizens could vote |
| Rulings of the Warren Court | These rulings expand civil liberties: Loving V Virgina, Miranda V Arizona, and Griswold V Connecticut |
| SNCC's Transition to Black Power | Chairman Stokely (later Kwame Ture) began to believe more that Black Americans should stop accepting brutality and the SNCC began to advocate for Black Power |
| Black Panther Party | This group had the goal of arming Black communities with weapons to protect against Police Brutality |
| Second Wave Feminism | After being inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, this feminist movement arose with the goals of: equal pay, passage of the ERA, and full reproductive rights |
| Roe V. Wade | This was the supreme court case that decided that women can legally and privately get an abortion |
| Title IX | This is the amendment that ensured equal payment for women and men's activity in schools |
| ERA Fails to Pass | This failed to pass because of mass Conservative media by Phyllis Schafly, this caused the modern pay gap and Conservative movement |
| AIM (American Indian Movement) | This is the movement that demanded economic equality for Native Americans and it resulted in more land for Natives |
| Cesar Chavez | This is a Mexican-American who advocated for non-violent labor rights and education equality for Mexicans |
| Gay Rights Movement | The goals for this movement were to decriminalize homosexual activity and to (slowly) legalize gay marriage |
| Vietnam War Protests | These were caused by youth being highly critical of foreign policy regarding Communism, although it resulted in violence against youth |
| "The New Left" | These goals were to have more loose sexual and drug restrictions and to get universities to have more democracy |
| Casual Culture/Informality | Because hippie styles became more of an American custom, dressing casually became more common and modern |
| Changing Sexual Norms | This is when having many casual sexual partners became accepted and reflected as a part of pop culture |
| ARAMCO | Arab-American Oil Company that gave the US massive profits |
| US Policy & Israel | Israel was created in 1948 with the help of the US which impacted American energy policy because America gave sacred land to Israel of which Arabs couldn't easily access |
| Jimmy Carter's Camp David Accords | This created peace between the Arab world and the Israeli world for a short while |
| Stagflation | This is when there is high unemployment and high prices, this is from the economy finally starting to slow after WWII |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | This was created because the side effects of having chemicals on crops was widely discovered |
| Clean Air and Water Act | This is an act that punishes big companies for polluting the environment |
| Declining Popularity of Liberalism | This is because of: The Pentagon Papers, Rise in Conservatism, Watergate, and the Iranian Hostage Crisis |
| Nixon and Detente | This is the agreement to limit nuclear weapons and stop tensions of the Cold War |
| Watergate Scandal | This is when members of CREEP were found to have found out about re-election illegally this caused Nixon to resign and Americans stopped trusting the Gov |
| De-industrialization | This is a significant economic shift caused by rising energy costs |
| Affirmative Action | This is having an active effort to have opportunities for all members of groups that have been discriminated against |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | This is when 52 Americans were held at an embassy in Iran for 444 day, this marked the final closure of American Liberation |
| The "New Right" | This was caused by being against anti-war protests, Feminism, Civil Rights, etc. They want less socialist spending and more militarized responses to Communism |
| Rising Political Power of Evangelical Christians | Republicans (to show support) joined the Evangelical Christianity branch, they focused against keeping segregation and stopping Roe |
| "Stop ERA" Movement | This was from Phyllis Schlafly who was a Conservative woman who did not want the ERA to pass, starting the Conservative Movement |
Created by:
SadUrn