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Cell Cycle & p53

QuestionAnswer
State whether prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cytoskeletons. eukaryotes only
Describe the two roles of the cytoskeleton. 1. mechanical support 2. shape to cells
Name the structures found in the cytoskeleton. microtubules
Describe the structure of microtubules Hollow cylinders made up of protein tubulin
Describe the two functions of microtubules. 1.Movement of membrane bound organelles 2.Movement of chromosomes through formation of spindle fibres
State where microtubules radiate from MTOC/centrosome
The cell cycle requires remodelling of the cytoskeleton through which two processes. 1. polymerisation of microtubules 2. depolymerisation of microtubules
Define mitosis Dynamic continium of sequential changes
State the 2 key stages of the cell cycle. 1.Interphase 2. Mitosis
Name the 3 steps to interphase in order. G1, S, G2
Name the 3 cell cycle checkpoints in order G1, G2 and M
Describe what happens at the G1 checkpoint. G1 – checks cell size (allows entry into S phase)
Describe what happens during the G2 checkpoint Checks DNA replication and DNA damage (allows entry into mitosis)
Describe what happens during the M checkpoint. Ensure chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase plate (allows entry into ana phase)
Active cyclin CKD complexes regulate cell cycle checkpoints by Phosphorylating specific proteins
What stage of the cell cycle does Rb control entry into. S phase
State another term for Rb Transcription factor inhibitor or tumour suppressor protein
Describe the first step of the G1 checkpoint. Cyclin proteins accumulate & combine and activate CDK’s forming cyclin CDK
Describe what happens after cyclin CDK complex is formed in G1 checkpoint. It phosphorylates Rb
If sufficient phosphorylation of Rb occurs what happens next transcription of genes necessary for DNA replication occurs and the cell moves on to S phase.
If insufficient phosphorylation of Rb occurs what happens to the cell The cell cycle is paused
What does an uncontrolled increase in the rate of the cell cycle cause? Tumour formation
Name the mutated gene that causes tumour formation. Onco
State the function of proto onco genes Cell growth/division
What does an uncontrolled decrease in the rate of the cell cycle cause? Degenerative disease
State the name for the cell death signal. p53
State the 3 roles of p53 proteins following DNA damage DNA repair, arrest of the cell cycle, programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Describe the first step in the process of intrinsic apoptosis. DNA damage causes Cell death signals/p53 to be produced
After p53 is produced what happens next in intrinsic apoptosis. A cascade of caspases are activated (proteases) which breakdown proteins.
State a substrate for caspases? Protein
Give an example of an intrinsic cell death signal. DNA damage.
Give an example of extrinsic cell death signal. Molecules from lymphocytes OR absence of growth factors
Explain the importance of apoptosis in development. Removes unnecessary cells during 1. embryo organ development 2. damaged/disease cells 3. metmorphosis
Describe what is meant by cytokinesis Splitting of cytoplasm
Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Describe prophase. Nuclear membrane breaks down. Chromosomes condense into sister chromatids Spindle microtubules undergo polymerisation to extend from MTOC to kinetochore Proteins at centromere of chromosomes
Describe metaphase Chromosomes align by spindle fibres on metaphase plate
Describe anaphase Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles when spindle fibres depolymerise.
Describe telophase Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes form.
Describe what happens at G1 and G2 Cell increases in size (growth)
Describe what happens at S DNA replication (copies its chromosomes) and growth of cell
Created by: brightminds
 

 



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