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muscles- origin/inse
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consists of the frontalis and the occipitalis with aponeurosis in between | occipitofrontalis (epicranius) |
| origin of the epicranius | bones of skull |
| insertion of the epicranius | epicranial aponeurosis |
| action- raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead | epicranius |
| circular sphincter muscle of eyelids | orbicularis oculi |
| origin of the orbicularis oculi | bony orbit |
| insertion of the orbicularis oculi | skin of eyelids |
| action- closes eyes | orbicularis oculi |
| circular sphincter muscle of mouth | orbicularis oris |
| origin of the orbicularis oris | facial bones |
| insertion of the orbicularis oris | skin of mouth |
| action- closes mouth | orbicularis oris |
| main muscle of the cheek deep to the masseter | buccinator |
| origin of the buccinator | alveolar processes of mandible and maxillae |
| insertion of buccinator | orbicularis oris |
| action- compresses cheek; holds food between teeth during chewing | buccinator |
| consists of two thin muscles from corner of mouth to cheek | zygomaticus major/minor |
| origin of zygomaticus major/minor | zygomatic bone |
| insertion of zygomaticus major/minor | skin and muscle at corner of mouth |
| action- elevates lateral corners of the mouth to smile | zygomaticus major/minor |
| covers the lateral aspect of the ramus of mandible | masseter |
| masseter origin | zygomatic arch |
| masseter insertion | ramus of mandible |
| action- closes jaw; elevates mandible | masseter |
| fan-shaped muscle on the lateral head | temporalis |
| temporalis origin | bones of skull |
| temporalis insertion | mandible |
| action- closes jaw; elevates and retracts jaw | temporalis |
| thin, superficial muscle of the neck | platysma |
| origin of platysma | fascia of thorax |
| insertion of platysma | lower mandible, skin and muscle |
| action- pulls lower lip inferiorly; tenses skin of neck | platysma |
| large, v-shaped muscle of the lateral and anterior neck, with two heads of origin on either side | sternocleidomastoid |
| sternocleidomastoid origin | manubrium of sternum and the clavicle |
| sternocleidomastoid insertion | mastoid process of temporal bone and the occipital bone |
| action- flexion of the neck forward when both heads contract together, and rotation of the shoulder of opposite side, if independed * assists in breathing | sternocleidomastoid |
| long back muscle with three columns: iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis from the pelvis to the head | erector spinae |
| erector spinae origin | iliac crest, transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar and/or ribs 3-6 |
| erector spinae insertion | ribs and transverse processes of vertebrae about 6 segments above origin |
| action- extends and laterally rotates the vertebral column, maintains posture | erector spinae |
| deep to erector spinae | transversospinalis |
| transversospinalis origin | spinous processes of vertebrae |
| transversospinalis insertion | transverse processes of vertebrae |
| action- connects and stabilizes vertebrae; rotation and extension of the vertebral column | transversospinalis |
| broad, flat, circular muscle forming the floor of the thoracic cavity | diaphragm |
| diaphragm origin | rib cage |
| diaphragm insertion | central tendon (aponeurosis) |
| action- (quiet breathing) contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity; has 3 openings for major vessels or structures | diaphragm |
| 11 pairs extend from rib to rib in oblique downward direction | external inercostals |
| external intercostals origin | inferior border of adjacent rib above |
| action- (quiet breathing) elevates ribs during inhalation | external intercostals |
| 11 pairs extend from rib to rib in direction opposite to external intercostals | internal intercostals |
| internal intercostals origin | superior border of rib above |
| internal intercostals insertion | inferior border of rib below |
| action- (forced breathing) draws ribs together to depress thorax | internal intercostals |
| on lateral and anterior neck; consists of anterior, middle posterior | scalenes |
| scalenes origin | transverse processes of cervical vertebrae |
| scalenes insertion | first two ribs |
| action- flex neck; assists in forced breathing | scalenes |
| large, fan-shaped muscle covering the upper thorax | pectoralis major |
| pectoralis major origin | clavicle, sternum, cartilages of ribs 2-6 |
| pectoralis major insertion | intertubercular groove of the humerus |
| action- flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder | pectoralis major |
| small, thin muscle deep to pectoralis major | pectoralis minor |
| pectoralis minor origin | 3rd, 4th, and 5th rib near costal cartilages |
| pectoralis minor insertion | coracoid process of scapula |
| action- depresses and protracts the shoulder | pectoralis minor |
| large, fan-shaped muscle deep to the scapula with serrated margines | serratus anterior |
| serratus anterior origin | 1st to 8th rib |
| serratus anterior insertion | vertebral border of scapula |
| action- protracts the shoulder; upward rotation of the scapula | serratus anterior |
| large, superior muscle of the back | trapezius |
| trapezius origin | occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae; spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae |
| trapezius insertion | acromion and spinous process of scapula; lateral third of clavicle |
| action- extends head; rotates and adducts scapula; elevates or depresses scapula | trapezius |
| triangular muscle atop the shoulder | deltoid |
| deltoid origin | acromion and spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle |
| deltoid insertion | deltoid tuberosity of humerus |
| action- abduction of the arm at the shoulder | deltoid |
| broad, flat muscle of the lower back | latissimus dorsi |
| latissimus dorsi origin | spines of lower thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; lumbodorsal fascia |
| latissimus dorsi insertion | intertubercular goove of humerus |
| action- extends, adducts, and medially rotates shoulder | latissimus dorsi |
| deep to trapezius and medial to the vertebral border of the scapula | rhomboids, major and minor |
| rhomboids major/minor origin | spinous processes of C7 and T1 through T5 |
| rhomboids major/minor insertion | medial border of scapula |
| action- adducts scapula and rotates it downward | rhomboids major/minor |
| between the shoulder and neck | levator scapulae |
| levator scapulae origin | transverse processes of first 4 cervical vertebrae |
| levator scapulae insertion | vertebral border of scapula |
| action- elevates the scapula | levator scapulae |
| both muscles attach to various ribs and parts of the spine | serratus posterior, superior and inferior |
| serratus posterior, superior and inferior origin | superior: spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae Inferior: spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae |
| serratus posterior, superior and inferior insertion | superior- lateral borders of ribs 2-5 Inferior: inferior borders of ribs 8-12 |
| action- superior one elevates ribs, while the inferior one depresses ribs during forced breathing | serratus posterior, superior and inferior |
| lateral, superficial muscle of the abdomen extending from the pubis to the thoracic cage | external oblique |
| external oblique origin | ribs 4-12 |
| external oblique insertion | iliac crest, linea alba, aponeuroses |
| action- flexes and rotates vertebral column | external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis |
| deep to the external oblique with fibers extending in opposite direction | internal oblique |
| internal oblique origin | iliac crest, lumbar fascia |
| internal oblique insertion | linea alba, pubic crest, costal cartilages of ribs 9-12 |
| deepest muscle of the abdomen with fivers in horizontal direction | transverse abdominis |
| transverse abdominis origin | iliac crest, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, |
| transverse abdominis insertion | linea alba and pubic crest |
| action- compresses the abdomen | transverse abdominis |
| medial, segmented superficial muscle of the abdomen | rectus abdominis |
| rectus abdominis origin | pubic crest and symphysis |
| rectus abdominis insertion | xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 |
| on posterior scapula in supraspinous fossa; a rotator cuff muscle | suprasinatus |
| supraspinatus origin | suprasinous fossa of the scapula |
| supraspinatus insertion | greater tubercle of the humerus |
| action- abduction at the shoulder | supraspinatus |
| muscle on posterior scapula in infraspinous fossa of scapula; a rotator cuff muscle | infraspinatus |
| infraspinatus origin | infraspinous fossa of the scapula |
| infraspinatus insertion | greater tubercle of humerus |
| action- lateral rotation at the shoulder | infraspinatus |
| broad muscle on anterior scapula; a rotator cuff muscle | subscapularis |
| subscapularis origin | subscapular fossa of the scapula |
| subscapularis insertion | lesser tubercle of humerus |
| action- medially rotates arm | subscapularis |
| inferior to teres minor and scapula | teres major |
| teres major origin | inferior angle of scapula |
| teres major insertion | intertubercular groove of humerus |
| action- extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder | teres major |
| small, narrow muscle on lateral scapula; a rotator cuff muscle | teres minor |
| teres minor origin | lateral margin of scapula |
| teres minor insertion | greater tubercle of humerus |
| action- lateral rotation at the shoulder | teres minor |
| large muscle of the brachium on the anterior side | biceps brachii |
| biceps brachii origin | short head at coracoid process, long head travels through the intertubercular groove to the capsule of the shoulder joint |
| biceps brachii insertion | radial tuberosity |
| action- flexes the forearm at the elbow and supinates the forearm | biceps brachii |
| superficial muscle on the lateral side of the forearm | brachioradialis |
| brachioradialis origin | distal end of humerus |
| brachioradialis insertion | styloid process of radius |
| action- flexes the forearm as a synergist | brachioradialis |
| flat muscle deep to the biceps brachii | brachialis |
| brachialis origin | distal portion of humerus |
| brachialis insertion | coronoid process of ulna |
| action- flexes the forearm | brachialis |
| large muscle of the brachium on the posterior side, it includes three heads of origin: long, lateral, and medial | triceps brachii |
| triceps brachii origin | long head at margin of the glenoid cavity; lateral head at posterior side of humerus, medial head at distal radial groove of humerus |
| triceps brachii insertion | olecranon process of the ulna |
| action- extends the forearm at the elbow | triceps brachii |
| composed of two muscles, the iliacus and psoas major | iliopsoas |
| iliopsoas origin | iliacus at the iliac fossa, iliac crest, and lateral sacrum; psoas major at bodies and transverse processes of T12 and lumbar vertebrae |
| iliopsoas insertion | on and just below the lesser trochanter of the femur |
| action- flexes the thigh, flexes the trunk, and laterally flexes the vertebral column | iliopsoas |
| largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles | gluteus maximus |
| gluteus maximus origin | posterior side of ilium, sacrum, and cocyx |
| gluteus maximus insertion | gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract |
| action- extends the thigh when it is elevated (as in climbing stairs) laterally rotates and abducts the thigh | gluteus maximus |
| partially deep to the gluteus maximus | gluteus medius |
| gluteus medius origin | upper lateral surface of the ilium |
| gluteus medius insertion | greater trochanter of the femur |
| action- abducts and medially rotates the thigh | gluteus medius |
| deep to the gluteus medius, it is the smallest of the gluteal muscles | gluteus minimus |
| gluteus minimus origin | inferior surface of ilium |
| gluteus minimus insertion | greater trochanter of femur |
| action- abducts and medially rotates the thigh | gluteus minimus |
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