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APUSH Unit 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cold War | The political, economic, and military conflict, short of direct war on the battlefield, between the US and the USSR from 1945-1991 |
| Containment | belief that the USSR desired the spread of communism-US wanted to contain communism where it already existed |
| Truman Doctrine | US pledge to contain the expansion of communism around the world, offered help to nations who communists were attacking (Turkey, Greece, Korea) |
| Marshall Plan | Post WW2 European economic aid package to rebuild W Europe, served US economic and political interests in the process |
| CIA | Intelligence Org. est. by the 1947 National Security Act. Part of the executive branch, responsible for gathering and conducting espionage in foreign affairs. Originally created to counter USSR spying operations. |
| NATO | (North Atlantic Treaty Org.) Cold War "peacetime" military alliance intended to enhance collective security of the US and W Europe |
| Korean War | fought between N communist, democratic People's Republic of Korea and the United Nations-backed S Republic of Korea (1950-1953) "Police action" |
| United Nations (UN) | internat'l org. founded 1945 after WW2 by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights (Security Council) |
| Second Red Scare/McCarthyism | fear of communist influence infiltrating US and threatening national security (1940s-50s), resulting in the creation of gov-controlled programs/entities (HUAC, Fed. employee Loyalty Program, etc.) |
| GI Bill | 1944 Act that offered edu opportunities and financial aid to veterans as the readjusted to civilian life. |
| Baby Boom/causes | sharp pop. increase 1946-1964 as a result of the end of WW2, increased economic prosperity, improvements in healthcare, and a trend toward marriage at a younger age |
| Suburbia | Conformity, response to postwar housing shortage, Levittowns |
| The Feminine Mystique | suburban, American housewife- all these women portrayed as happy, but women didn't all feel this way, thought something was wrong with them |
| National Interstate and Highway Defense Act | bettered roads for troop transport interstate-highways, boosts suburbanization |
| New Look | the foreign policy (Eisenhower) emphasizing development and deployment of nuclear weapons to cut military spending. (Massive Retaliation and Brinkmanship) |
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) | Defensive strategy built around the threat of a massive nuclear retaliatory strike. Adoption of the doctrine contributed to the escalation of the nuclear arms race during the cold war. |
| Iran Coup of 1953 | CIA engineered coup ousted Prime Minister Mohammad Mossedagh's government, installed the pro-American Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The U.S. oil companies obtained 40% of Iran's oil revenue. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | USSR installed short/intermediate range nuclear missiles in Cuba to protect against U.S. incursion. U.S. U2 planes discovered, Kennedy warned and informed public. Kennedy blockaded Cuba to prevent arming of the missiles. U.S. would order airstrike. |
| Domino Theory | Prevalent belief during the cold war maintaining that if one country fell under communism, the surrounding countries would follow. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | 1964 congressional resolution giving President Johnson wide discretion in the use of U.S. forces in Vietnam. |
| Vietnam War | conflict between communist nationalism gov. in N Vietnam, backed by the USSR and China, against the UN and the U.S. backed S Vietnam gov. |
| My Lai Massacre | March 16, 1968 unprovoked U.S. massacre of nearly 500 of the elderly, women, and children in S. Vietnam (during Vietnam war) |
| Tet Offensive | Jan. 31, 1968 surprise offensive mounted by Vietcong and N Vietnamese forces against population centers in S Vietnam and U.S. embassy in Saigon. The offensive was turned back, but its ferocity shocked U.S. and increased op. to war. |
| Kent State Massacre | Killing of 4 students and wounding of 9 others by the National Guard during a May 4, 1970 Kent State Campus protest about the U.S.invasion of Cambodia as a part of the Vietnam War. Sparked further anti-war sentiment and massive protests. |
| Pentagon Papers | Classified report of the U.S. involvement of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam leaked to the press in 1971. This confirmed that the Kennedy and Johnson admins. had misled the public about the origins and nature of the Vietnam war. |
| War Powers Act | 1973 act that required the president to consult with congress within 48 hrs of deploying military forces and to obtain a declaration of war from Congress in troops remained on foreign soil for +60 days. |
| Brown v. Board of education | Landmark 1954 SC case that overturned the "separate but equal" principle est. by Plessy v. Ferguson and applied to public schools. |
| Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee | civil rights org. that grew out of the sit-ins of 1960, The org focused on taking direct action and political organizing to achieve its goals. |
| Freedom Rides | Integrated bus rides through the south organized by CORE in 1961 to test compliance w/ SC rulings on segregations. (interstate bus/train stations) |
| March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom | Aug 28, 1963 rally by civil rights orgs. in Washington DC that brought + national attention to the mvmt. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Wide ranging civil rights act that prohibited discrimination in public acomodations and employment (based on race/sex) and increased federal enforcement of school desegregation. Also helped the right to vote, created Community Relations Service |
| VRA of 1965 | Act that eliminated many of the obstacles to AA voting in the S and resulted in dramatic increases in bl. participation in the electoral process. (literacy tests, authorized fed. lawsuit against poll tax, states submit voting changes to DC) |
| Malcolm X, Black Power, Stokely Carmichael | making the Civil Rights mvmt more violent for some (self-defense), asserting independence (Black Panther 1966 to advance this) |
| Kerner Commission | appointed by Johnson to assess urban disorders, concluded that wh. racism was the heart of the problem. |
| Bakke decision | decision about schools & spots for minorities ("against 14th amendment?") struck down the use of strict racial quotas in college admissions |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | outlawed national origins quotas in U.S. |
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) | Student activist org. formed in early 60s that advocated for the formation of a "New Left" that would overturn the social and political status quo. (Port Huron Statement) |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | A proposed amendment mandating the equality of rights under law by U.S. or any state on the basis of sex. Not enough states had ratified and it expired, not adopted |
| Free-Speech Movement | nonviolent, rallies against school admin (U of CA @ Berkeley) because of a ban on political activities |
| Roe v. Wade | court case granting a woman the right of abortion |
| Stonewall riots | uprising after NYC police raided The Stonewall Inn, a gathering place for gay men, and tried to arrest patrons. Inspired gay liberation movement in the 1970s. |
| Détente | an easing of tense relations w/ the USSR during the Cold War |
| Realpolitik | foreign policy based on practical economic and strategic needs of the U.S. rather than any ideological or human rights goals. |
| Watergate Scandal | scandal and cover up that forced the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974. The scandal revolved around a break in @ Democratic Party HQ in 1972 and subsequent efforts to conceal the admin's involvement in the break in. |
| Deindustrialization | rust belt to sun belt, due to outsourcing or automation |
| Stagflation | period of economic instability in the 1970s as the rising cost of living ocurred at the same time as an increase of unemployment. |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | Federal agency est. by Richard Nixon in 1971 to regulate activities that resulted in pollution or other environmental degradation. |
| Rachel Carson & Silent Spring | American marine biologist, writer, and environmentalist who is credited with launching the modern environmental mvmt. Silent Spring (1962) warned of the dangers of pesticides to natural systems. (led to nat'l ban on DDT, other pesticides) |
| Christian Right/Moral Majority | a coalition of evangelical Christians and Catholics that supported traditional values, laissez-faire economics, and an uncompromising anti-communist foreign policy. They joined forces with political conservatives. |
| Port Huron Statement | SDS manifesto condemning liberal politics, cold war foreign policy, racism, and research oriented universities, called for "participatory democracy" |
| Berlin Airlift | US dropping goods off to the people in W Berlin b/c USSR had blocked it off from E Berlin |
| SALT I | Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (Carter) between US and USSR |
| HUAC | House of Un-American Activities Committee: investigated disloyalty/communism |
| Space? | Sputnik & Space Race 1957 |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | bombing of N Korea, trying to force negotiation |
| Decolonization/non-alignment | colonies trying to rebel from their country, join US or USSR |
| military-industrial complex | industrial working closely w/ military for sucess |
| Advisors/Geneva Convention | Vietnam War |
| Vietnamization | US backs off, more Vietnamese fighting own war |
| Rebellion after 1945 | beats, youth culture, women |
| mass media 1960s? | TV |
| EO 9981 | Integration of the military |
| Brown v. Board | knocks down Plessy v. Ferguson's "seperate but equal," called for desegragion of schools |
| Emmett Till | murdered for "bothering a white woman" |
| Civil Rights? period 8 | -Montgomery Bus Boycott -Little Rock 9 -sit-ins -freedom rides -MLK & Birmingham Jail -March on Washington -Freedom Summer -Civil Rights Act of 1964 -VRA 1965 -FHA 1968 -fragment: black power/stokely carmichael |
| Camp David Accords | Carter invites Egypt and Israel, creates peace |
| How did the civil rights mvmt expand in the 1960s? | -Latinos (grapes!) Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta -American Indian Mvmt (AIM) Pine Ridge, Alcatraz -Asian Americans (JACL) -LGBT Americans-Stonewall Riots -Feminists (NOW, Roe v. Wade, Gloria Steinem, Ms. Magazine) |
| SCOTUS cases for rights and visibility? | -Roe v. Wade (abortion) -Miranda v. AZ (right to remain silent) -Engle v. Vitale (no prayer in public schools) |
| Youth culture of the 1960s? | -Anti-War Protests (Kent State Massacre) -SDS & Port Huron Statement -FSM -Counterculture/Hippies -Sexual Revolution (the Pill) |
| LBJ's the Great Society | -tackled poverty and racial injustice (social, economic, cultural progress) -Liberalism's high point -Medicare/Medicaid, Head Start, Immigration Act of 1965, etc. -opposed by conservatives -derailed by Vietnam ($) |
| Party Switch? | Conservatives-Republican Liberals-Democratic |
| U.S. economy after 1945? | -booming companies -Gov. Spending -GI bill -Baby Boom -Suburbia -Sun Belt -Tech: nuclear power, vaccines |
| Environment 1968-1980? | -Oil Crises (1970s) -Environmentalism -Silent Spring (Rachel Carson) -3 Mile Island -Earth Day -clear water/air acts |
| U.S. politics after 1945? | -rise of conservatism, Christian Right -Credibility Gap: Vietnam, Watergate -role of Gov't ?ed -Ford pardons Nixon |
Created by:
amayal22