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Applied Psychology
Week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychological Science is empirical | it is based on measurable data |
| An empirical method for acquiring knowledge involves | experimentation rather than a method based purely on logical argument of pervious authorities and observation |
| Who are credited as the founders of psychology? | Wilhelm Wundt and William James |
| What was Wilhelm Wundt's view of psychology? | that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience |
| Introspection | a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible |
| Voluntarism | that people have free will and should know the intentions of the psychological experiment they are potentially participating in |
| Aspects of Psychology promoted by Wilhelm Wundt | Introspection, Voluntarism and Structuralism |
| Structuralism | focusing on the contents of mental processes rather than their function |
| Wilhelm Wundt's student | Edward Tichener |
| Functionalism | - developed form Darwin’s theory of evolution - focusing on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment - Functionalists are more focused on the operation of the entire mind rather than of its individual parts |
| Which psychologist was responsible for the popularity of the Psychoanalytic theory? | Sigmund Freud |
| The psychoanalytic theory | focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious as well as early childhood experiences |
| Who are the scholars that introduced various Gestalt principles to American psychologists? | Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology |
| Gestalt Principles | - Gestalt roughly translated to “whole” - Gestalt psychology is about finding out whole different aspects of a sensory experience relate to each other as a whole rather than breaking them down into separate parts |
| Gestalt principles contradict Wundt's... | Structralism |
| Pavlov Studied... | conditioned reflex |
| Conditioned reflex | refers to how an animal or human produced a reflex response to stimuli and over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with eth original stimulus |
| Pavlov specifically studied the ____________ reflex | salivation reflex |
| The Salivation Reflex | response to the Prescence of food and elicited the same reflex to the second stimulus of a specific sound |
| What did Watson believe? | that the objective analysis of the mind was impossible and that the study of consciousness was flawed |
| Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from... | the mind to behavior |
| Behaviorism | The process of observing and controlling the mind to behavior |
| Skinner spoke of ______________________________________ as major factors in driving behavior | reinforcement and punishment |
| The Skinner Box | - Isolates the subject from the external environment - has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button - when the subject pushed the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behaviors or a punishment |
| What happened in the early 20th century? | some psychologists objected the pessimism and determinism that was polarized by Freud |
| Humanism | Some psychologists began to form their own idea that emphasized personal control. Humanism stressed the potential for good that is innate to all humans |
| Maslow is an Amercian Psychologist who is best known for... | proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior |
| Maslow believed that... | as long as basic needs necessary for survival were met, such as food, water and shelter, higher level needs such as social needs, would begin to motivate behavior. |
| Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as... | client centered therapy -> patient taking a lead role in therapy sessions |
| Rogers believed a therapist needed to display three qualities | - unconditional positive regard - genuineness - empathy |
| The Cognitive Revolution | By the 1950s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience and computer science were emerging, which revived the interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry |
| Who was a very influential in the early days of the movement? | Noam Chomsky |
| Noam Chomsky believed that... | psychology's focus on behavior was short sighter and that the field needed to reincorporate mental function into it is was to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behavior |
| How did the cognitive revolution help to reestablish lines of communication between European psychologists and American psychologists? | European psychology had never been influenced by behaviorism, |
| The dominant influence of Western, White and male academics in the early history of psychology meant that... | psychology developed with biases inherent to those individuals, which often resulted with negative consequences for members fo society who were not White or male |
| the experimental subjects of psychology were mostly men, which resulted in... | underlying assumptions that gender had no influence on psychology and that women were not of sufficient interest to study |
| WEIRD | Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic |
| Who are the psychologists who discussed the difference between WEIRD societies and non-Weird societies? | Henrich, Heine and Norenzayan |
| Multicultural psychologist | develop theories and conduct research with diverse populations, typically in one country |
| Cross cultural psychologists | compare population across countries, such as participants from the United States compared to participants in China |
| Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United Sates? | Francis Cecil Sumner |
| What did George I. Sanchez do? | contested the testing of innovative educational methods for children with Mexican American Children. As he is of Mexican heritage, he pointed out that the language and cultural barriers in testing were keeping children from equal opportunities. |
| What are Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband, Kenneth Clark are best known for... | their studies conducted on African American children and doll preference. This research was instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court desegregation case. |
| Who was the first woman to receive the doctoral degree in psychology? | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| What happened to Mary Whiton Calkins? | completed all requirements towards the PhD in psychology, but Harvard University refused to award her that degree because she was a woman |
| Who was Mary Whiton Calkins' mentor? | William James |
| What was Mary Whiton Calkins work about? | Her memory research studied primary, and recency and she also wrote about how structuralism and functionalism both explained self-psychology. |
| Who is Martha Bernal? | Bernal was the first Latina to earn her doctoral degree in psychology and conducted most of her research with Mexican American children |
| Who is Inez Bevery Prosser? | the first African American woman awarded the PhD in 1933 at the University of Cincinnati |
| Biopsychology | Biopsychology explores how our biology influences our behaviors |
| Evolutionary Psychology | Evolutionary psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior. The study of behavior in the context of evolution has its origins with Charles Darwin, the co-discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection |
| To be subject to evolution by natural selection, a behavior must have ... | a significant genetic cause |
| What is a drawback to evolutionary psychology? | that the traits that we possess now evolved under environmental and social conditions far back in history, and we have a poor understanding of what these conditions were |
| Cognitive Psychology | Cognitive psychology focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experience and our actions |
| Developmental Psychology | The scientific study of development across a lifespan. Developmental psychologists are interesting in the processes related to physical maturation |
| Why is developmental Psychology important? | As more and more people live longer lives, the number of people of advanced age will continue to increase |
| Personality Psychology | Personality psychology focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique |
| Who is Gordon Allport? | An American psychologist who contributed to early theories of personality |
| Freud's proposition of personality? | Freud proposed that personality arose as conflicts between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind were carried out over the lifespan. Specifically, Freud theorized that an individual went through various psychosexual stages of development |
| More recently, the study of personality has taken on a more _____________ approach | quantitative |
| What did George I. Sanchez do? | contested the testing of innovative educational methods for children with Mexican American Children. As he is of Mexican heritage, he pointed out that the language and cultural barriers in testing were keeping children from equal opportunities. |
| What are Mamie Phipps Clark and her husband, Kenneth Clark are best known for... | their studies conducted on African American children and doll preference. This research was instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court desegregation case. |
| Who was the first woman to receive the doctoral degree in psychology? | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| What happened to Mary Whiton Calkins? | completed all requirements towards the PhD in psychology, but Harvard University refused to award her that degree because she was a woman |
| Who was Mary Whiton Calkins' mentor? | William James |
| What was Mary Whiton Calkins work about? | Her memory research studied primary, and recency and she also wrote about how structuralism and functionalism both explained self-psychology. |
| Who is Martha Bernal? | Bernal was the first Latina to earn her doctoral degree in psychology and conducted most of her research with Mexican American children |
| Who is Inez Bevery Prosser? | the first African American woman awarded the PhD in 1933 at the University of Cincinnati |
| Biopsychology | Biopsychology explores how our biology influences our behaviors |
| Evolutionary Psychology | Evolutionary psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior. The study of behavior in the context of evolution has its origins with Charles Darwin, the co-discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection |
| To be subject to evolution by natural selection, a behavior must have ... | a significant genetic cause |
| What is a drawback to evolutionary psychology? | that the traits that we possess now evolved under environmental and social conditions far back in history, and we have a poor understanding of what these conditions were |
| Cognitive Psychology | Cognitive psychology focuses on studying cognitions or thoughts and their relationship to our experience and our actions |
| Developmental Psychology | The scientific study of development across a lifespan. Developmental psychologists are interesting in the processes related to physical maturation |
| Why is developmental Psychology important? | As more and more people live longer lives, the number of people of advanced age will continue to increase |
| Personality Psychology | Personality psychology focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique |
| Who is Gordon Allport? | An American psychologist who contributed to early theories of personality |
| Freud's proposition of personality? | Freud proposed that personality arose as conflicts between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind were carried out over the lifespan. Specifically, Freud theorized that an individual went through various psychosexual stages of development |
| More recently, the study of personality has taken on a more _____________ approach | quantitative |
| What is the "Big Five" of Personality? | conscientious, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion |
| Social Psychology | Social Psychology focuses on how we interact with and relate to others |
| Who is Stanley Milgram? | an American social psychologist who is most famous for research that he conducted on obedience |
| What was the conclusion of Stanley Milgram's experiment? | Milgram found that nearly two thirds of his participants were willing to deliver what they believed to be lethal shocks to another person, simply because they were instructed to do so by an authority figure. |
| Industrial Organizational Psychology | This is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles and research findings in industrial and organizational settings |
| Health Psychology | Health psychology focuses on how health is affected by the interaction fo biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. This particular approach is known as the biopsychosocial mode |
| Sport and Exercise Psychology | These psychologists study the psychological aspects of sports performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing. |
| Clinical Psychology | This is the area of psychology that focuses on teh diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior |
| Forensic Psychology | This branch of psychology deals with questions of psychology as they arise in teh context of teh justice system. |
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