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Chapter 4-8 Terms
Chapter 4-8 Terms for AP World History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador that led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire. |
| Great Dying | Earth's most severe known extinction event. |
| Little Ice Age | A period of regional cooling. |
| General Crisis | Alleged period of widespread conflict and instability. |
| Columbian Exchange | Exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops and populations. |
| Mercantilism | Maximize exports, Minimize imports of an economy. |
| Mestizo | Man of mixed race (Spanish and Indigenous) |
| Mulattoes | Mixed race (Black and White ancestry) |
| Settler Colonies | European settlements |
| Russian Empire | Empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia. |
| Yasak | Turkish word for tribute used in Imperial Russia. |
| Ming Dynasty | Imperial dynasty in China that finished kicking the mongols out. (went back to traditional chinese ways) |
| Qing Expansion | Expanded their rule into outer Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang. |
| Ottoman Empire | Islamic empire that spanned parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa (13th-20th century) |
| Devshirme | System used by Ottoman empire, they took young boys and converted them to Islam, and then militarily trained them. |
| Safavid Empire | Persian dynasty that ruled over Iran. |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim dynasty that ruled over a lot of the Indian subcontinent |
| Zamindars | Large landowners in the Mughal Empire that collected taxes on agricultural land. |
| Akbar | Islamic empire that ruled over the Indian subcontinent (rich cultural heritage) |
| Aurangzeb | 6th ruler of Mughal Empire. |
| Songhay Empire | Dominated the western Sahel (also one of the largest African states in history) |
| Pueblo Revolt | Revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed on Pueblos. |
| Protestant Reformation | 16th century religious movement to reform practices and beliefs for the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Martin Luther | German theologian that initiated the Protestant Reformation |
| Thirty Years' War | Conflict between Catholic & Protestant states in Holy Roman Empire. |
| Counter-Reformation | Catholic Church attempted internal reform. |
| Taki Onqoy | Religious revival movement in central Peru that preached the imminent destruction of Christianity. |
| Jesuits in China | Christian missionaries in China |
| Wahhabi Islam | Emphasizes a strict interpretation of the Quran and Sharia law. |
| Wang Yangming | One of the most influential philosophers in the Confucian tradition. |
| The Dream of the Red Chamber | Popular novel in China that tells a tragic love story. |
| Mirabai | Figure associated with Bhakti (recongnized for her defiance in the caste system) |
| Sikhism | Monotheistic religion in the Punjab region of South Asia. |
| Scientific Revolution | Significant advancements were made in scientific thought and methodology. |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer (proposed the heliocentic model) |
| Galileo | Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer during the Renaissance. (supported heliocentric model) |
| Newton | English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Renowned for his laws of motion. |
| European Enlightenment | emphasizes reason, individualism, and skeptisism |
| Voltaire | French philosopher that advocated for religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and criticism of established power. |
| Condorcent | French philosopher who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near infinite improvability. |
| Kaozheng | "investigation based on evidence" (Chinese intellectual movement). |
| Indian Ocean Commercial Network | Massive interconnected web of commerce in premodern times. |
| Trading Post Empire | Imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than control of people. |
| Philippines | Named after Spanish king, Philip II, used as the second Trading Post Empire. |
| British East India Company | Private trading company chartered by the English government, given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade. |
| Dutch East India Company | Private trading company chartered by the government of the Netherlands. |
| "Silver Drain" | Trade of sliver to China for Chinese goods; all silver was going to China |
| Piece of Eight | Standard Spanish coin that became a medium for exchange (worth 8 reales) |
| Potosi | One of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. |
| Fur Trade | Exchange and commercial activity of collecting and trading furs. |
| "Soft Gold" | Nickname for animal furs |
| Transatlantic Slave System | Brutal system of forced migration, millions of Africans were shipped to America |
| African Diaspora | Spread of African people (forced removal of Africans from their homeland) |
| Maroon Societies/Palmares | communities established by escaped African slaves |
| Signares | Black and Mulatto Senegalese women who had influence via their marriage to European men. |
| Dahomey | African communities in which African authorities sought to manage slave trade in their own interest. |
| Benin | Kingdom in West Africa that was part of the trans-saharan trade |
| American Revolution | Colonial revolt against British rule in the Americas (freedom of the 13 colonies) |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of all the estates as one. |
| French Revolution | Political upheaval in France, marked the end of absolute monarchy. |
| Robespierre | Leader of the French Revolution with he goal of liberty for all. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French military leader, influenced the spread of nationalism. |
| Haitian Revolution | Successful anti-slavery insurrection resulting in the first independent black republic. |
| Latin American Revolution | Colonies in Latin America fight for independence from European colonial powers. |
| Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion | Peasant insurrection that was stopped by creole landowners and the church. |
| Tupac Amaru | Uprising against Spanish colonial rule, wanted to address of grievances of indigenous peoples. |
| Great Jamaica Revolt | Slave rebellion in Jamaicaled by Samuel Sharpe |
| Abolitionist Movement | Campaign to end slavery and slave trade |
| Nationalism | Loylaty to a nation. |
| Vindication of the Rights of Women | Work by Mary Wollstonecraft that argues for women's rights and education. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Figure that challenged social norms and highlighted inequalities. |
| Maternal Feminism | Claimed women have value in society because they have distinctive and vital roles as mothers. |
| Steam Engine | heat engine that converts thermal energy from steam into mechanical work |
| British Textile Industry | Site of initial technological breakthroughs, transformed cotton textile production. |
| Middle-Class Society | Social stratum developed that had small businessmen, lawyers, engineers, and teachers. |
| Ideology of Domesticity | Ideal role of middle-class women. (Homemaking, child rearing, and charitable endeavours.) |
| Lower Middle Class | People employed in the service sector. (20% of British population) |
| Laboring Classes | Manual workers in the mines, ports, and factories of Britian. |
| Karl Marx | Influential proponent of socialism, advocated for the working-class revolution as the key to the ideal communist future. |
| Labour Party | British working class political party, dedicated to peaceful transition to socialism. |
| Socialism in the U.S. | Minor political movement in the U.S. that gained 6% of the vote for its presidential candidate. |
| Progressives | Followers of the movement that wanted to right the wrongs of industrialization. |
| Russian Revolution of 1905 | Rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat in the hands of Japan. (government made substantial reforms) |
| Cavdillos | Military Strongmen who seized control of the government in Latin America. |
| Latin American Export Boom | Large scale increase of Latin America's exports to industrializing countries. |
| Mexican Revolution | Mexico reformers (middle-class joined with peasants) overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz. |
| Dependent Development | Latin American economic growth which was financed by foreign capitals, seen as new form of colonialism. |
Created by:
Gemm