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Social Psych Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Attribution Definition | An explanation for what caused a behavior. |
| Folk Psychology ("Naive Psychology") | Everyone is a psychologist, trying to understand why people act the way they do. |
| Dispositional/Internal Psychology | Inference is caused by something about the actor's actions or personality. Hint: If you think it's your fault. |
| Examples of dispositional/internal psychology | "To get attention", "just being lazy", "to be fair to others", etc. |
| Situational/External Psychology | Inference is caused by a situation or external circumstances. Hint: If you think it's NOT your fault. |
| Examples of situational/external psychology | "Told to do this thing by someone else", "They were mad at someone", etc. |
| What is a dispositional/internal explanation for why a student is late? | Lazy, poor time management, etc. |
| What is a situational/external explanation for why a student is late? | Their last class was all the way across campus, they had car problems, their alarm went off late, etc. |
| Explanatory Style Definition | How you habitually explain events in your life. |
| Internal/External Attributions | |
| Stable/Unstable Attributions | |
| Global/Specific Attributions | Global blames the forces out of your control(?), while specific ??? |
| Pessimistic explanatory style | Using internal, stable, and global attributions about yourself. |
| Why is the pessimistic explanatory style bad for you? | It leaves little room for improving yourself. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using an INTERNAL attribution? | I was too lazy to study for the test. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using an EXTERNAL attribution? | I was too busy this week to properly study for the test. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using a STABLE attribution? | I can improve at English from this experience. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using an UNSTABLE attribution? | I suck at English, there's no point in studying because I am inherently bad at this and it won't help. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using a GLOBAL attribution? | I'm bad at classes taught by this specific professor. |
| What is an example of how you might explain you getting a bad grade using a SPECIFIC attribution? | I'm bad at school in general. |
| Memorization tip: What is an example of a pop culture character that is known for having a pessimistic explanatory style? | Eeyore |
| Normative Model | How people should generally make attributions. Tip: This model is based on the amateur scientist metaphor. |
| Covary Definition (May not be on the test, mark as low importance) | Happens at the same time. |
| Covariation Principle (Go to book to double check definition) | The observer knows what else(?) is happening and what is going on. |
| If normative models are how we're supposed to make attributions, how do we ACTUALLY make attributions usually? | Self enhancement and the cognitive miser metaphor. |
| Normative models Definition (Go to book for definition) | Consistency, Distinctive, and Consensus |
| Consistency Definition | Whether or not a person consistently performs this behavior in this situation. |
| Distinctive Definition | Whether or not a person preforms this behavior only in this situation, and not in others. Tip: Ask if it's unusual for them to do this. If they normally do some other behavior, it is unusual. |
| Consensus Definition | Whether or not other people preform this behavior in this situation. |
| Weaknesses of the Normative Model (May not be on the test) | In many situations, we can't make attributions accurately. We may not have all the information, we may get conflicting info, and so on. |
| What kind of attribution is being made if the consistency is high, the distinctiveness is high, and the consensus is high? | External |
| What kind of attribution is being made if the consistency is high, the distinctiveness is low, and the consensus is low? | Internal |
| What is the gist of self-serving attribution bias? | Our successes are internal, and our failures are external. Tip: Success is all on us, and our failures are not our faults. |
| Why do we have self-serving attribution bias? | To boost self-esteem, AKA Self-Enhancement. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) | Our tendency to favor internal attributions. |
| Castro Study (May not be on the test) | |
| Example of FAE | |
| What factors cause FAE? | Perceptual salience and the Just-world hypothesis. We will make attributions based on the most salient part of the scene, which is usually the actor. |
| Perceptual Salience Definition | How much attention something draws towards itself. |
| Just-world hypothesis Definition | The belief that people get what they deserve, and deserve what they get. |
| Example of Perceptual Salience | The ??? |
| Example of Just-world hypothesis | "Billionaires worked for all their wealth and earned it fairly", "Homeless people just need to get jobs", "Good things happen to good people", etc. |
| How does perceptual salience affect FAE? | We will make attributions based on the most salient part of the scene, which is usually the actor. |
| How does the just world hypothesis affect FAE? | It causes us to make more internal attributions even when wrong. This leads to things like victim blaming. |
| What are the three stages of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model? | Identify behavior, characterize actor, and ask if you should adjust for the situation |
| Gilbert's 3 Stage Model Definition | A model that breaks attribution down into 3 steps. |
| Is Stage 1 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model automatic or controlled? | Automatic |
| Is Stage 2 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model automatic or controlled? | Automatic |
| Is Stage 3 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model automatic or controlled? | Controlled, you choose yes or no |
| What two things do controlled processes require? | Motivation and ability |
| How does Gilbert's 3 Stage Model relate to FAE? | |
| Example of Stage 1 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model | |
| Example of Stage 2 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model | |
| Example of Stage 3 of Gilbert's 3 Stage Model | |
| What are the two main types of attribution? | Internal and External |
| Actor-Observer Bias Definition | |
| Example of the Actor-Observer Bias | |
| Anxious speaker study (Unsure if it will be on the test) | |
| Cultural differences in attribution(s) | |
| Attitude Definition | A summary evaluation of an object |
| Attitude Object Definition | Anything you can measure attitude towards. |
| What are the 3 components to attitudes? | Affect, Behavior, and Cognition Tip: The ABCs of psych. |
| Types of Attitude Measurement (Will need to add more to this section, rework it later) | Direct (Self-report) and Indirect (Physiological, Behavioral, and Implicit) |
| Direct Measure of Attitude | Self-report scales and Likert Scales (Go to book to find out exact difference) |
| Indirect Measure of Attitude | |
| Physiological Measure of Attitude | |
| Implicit Measure of Attitude | |
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Unsure how much of this will be on the test) | |
| Specificity Principle | In order for you to predict behavior from attributes, you need to match the level of specificity. Specific attributes lead to specific behaviors, and general attributes lead to general behaviors |
| Example of Specificity Principle | |
| What type of behaviors do direct measures lead to? | Controlled behaviors |
| What type of behaviors do indirect measures lead to? | Automatic behaviors |
| What 3 factors can be used to determine when attributes predict behavior? | Specificity Principle, whether the behavior is automatic or controlled, Attribute Strength, and if the behavior is multiply determined |
| What are the 3 types of Attribute Strength? | Stable, durable, and influential |
| Persuasion Definition | Trying to change an attitude |
| How are attitudes and persuasion related? | Attitudes can be altered to persuade someone towards or against something. |
| Elaboration Likelyhood Model (ELM) | |
| Elaboration Definition | How much a person carefully thinks about something. The more they think, the more they elaborate. |
| 2 Routes of persuasion (Central) | |
| 2 Routes of persuasion (Peripheral) | |
| Examples of ELM method | |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) | |
| Consonant Definition | Two cognitions that feel wrong together. |
| Consonant example | |
| What do inconsistent Consonants lead to? | Dissonance, and efforts to reduce said dissonance. |
| Dissonance Definition | Negative arousal that gives people a natural motivation to reduce said arousal when they feel it. |
| What are the 2 routes of persuasion? | Central and peripheral |
| What are the ways we can reduce dissonance? | |
| Example of changing behavior to reduce dissonance | |
| Example of changing attitude to reduce dissonance | |
| 3 Examples of dissonance | Induced compliance, effort justification, and Post-decisional dissonance |
| Induced compliance definition | |
| Induced compliance examples | |
| effort justification definition | |
| effort justification examples | |
| Post-decisional dissonance definition | |
| Post-decisional dissonance examples | |
| What 4 situations are when dissonance is the worst? | Behavior is freely chosen, insufficient justification, negative consequences, and if the negative consequences were foreseeable |
| Example of Behavior is freely chosen | |
| Example of insufficient justification | |
| Example of Negative Consequences | |
| Example of when negative consequences were foreseeable | |
| Dissonance as a threat to self | |
| The 2 Advanced Perspective of cognitive dissonance | "New Look"/aversive consequences perspective and the self-threat perspective |
| "New Look"/aversive consequences perspective | |
| the self-threat perspective | |
| "New Look"/aversive consequences perspective Example | |
| the self-threat perspective Example | |
| What does "Who says what to whom" mean? |
Created by:
Salem B.