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Apes Chap 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Air pollution | is a global system Introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems. |
| sources of pollutant emissions | natural: lightning, volcano eruption areas: cities and livestocks stationary: industry, sewage treatment, power plants Automobile: planes, cars, etc. |
| Clean Air Act | Requires the EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the general public from exposure to airborne contaminations that are known to be hazardous -federal law designed to control air pollution on national level - regulate use of lead |
| NOSCLPs (six criteria pollutants) | - Nitrogen Oxide (NO, NO2) - Ozone (O3) - Sulfur Dioxide(SO2) - Carbon monoxide (CO) - Lead (Pb) - Particulate matter (PM) - |
| nitrogen oxide (NO, NO2) | motor vehicle and fossil fuel combustion natural: forest fires, lightning, soil microbe cons: respiratory irritant, acid rain, smog |
| Ground-level Ozone (O3) (troposphere bad) | secondary pollutant formed by sunlight and water reacting with VOCs, NOx, and O2 cons: respiratory irritant, damages plants, skin cancer O2 is split by sunlight Unstable free oxygen binds to another O2 NOx and VOCs react to sunlight |
| Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) | From combustion of coal and oil (naturally form volcano and forest fire) respiratory irritant, affect plant tissues |
| carbon monoxide (CO) | formed during incomplete combustion of most matter vehicle exhaust, other combustion especially dangerous indoor with poor ventilation |
| lead (Pb) | Leaded gasoline (phased out by 1996), paint in older buildings, pipes (Flint!) toxic to the CNS of living organisms |
| particulate matters(PM) | Combustion of fossil fuels and biomass Diesel much worse than gasoline Road dust, rock-crushing, volcanoes, fires, dust storms Can block sunlight preventing photosynthesis Smaller the worse (PM2.5) |
| Hydrocarbon (VOCs) | from building supplies and household products Examples: benzene, toluene, formaldehyde |
| Mercury | Coal and oil combustion Concentrations have increased in fish (bioaccumulation) |
| Primary Pollutants | Come directly from source like smokestack or exhaust pipe Natural: pollen, volcanic ash, VOCs given off by plants Anthropogenic: products of combusting fossil fuels (NOx, SOx, CO2 |
| Secondary Pollutants | Have undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen or other compounds Occurs more in daytime and in wet conditions (sun, water) Most important: ozone |
| 2 main categories of smog | industrial smog vs. photochemical smog |
| industrial smog | Caused by SO2 and particulates reacting with water vapor --Biggest cause is coal --Cool, humid conditions PM, SO2 + H2) -> sulfuric fog |
| photochemical smog | Caused by VOCs and NOx reacting with sunlight (tropospheric ozone) -particulate matter, aldehydes, or PANs can be in the air too --Biggest cause is cars (NOx) --Dry, warm conditions NOx + VOC + Sun + PM = Ozone/photochemical smog |
| Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) | Organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature Very diverse group (ethanol, benzene, etc.) May be natural (plant oils!) or anthropogenic (gasoline) Almost every SCENT you smell is VOCs Range from harmless to VERY TOXIC |
| Formation of Photochemical Smogs | NOx and VOCs react with heat and sunlight Ozone and other photochemical oxidants (such as PANs) are formed Photochemical oxidants can enhance formation of particulates which scatter light—smoke + fog |
| photochemical oxidant | reactive compounds that remove electrons from other substances PANs (peroxyacetyl nitrates), ozone, aldehydes, other stuff negative effect: harmful to plant tissues, respiratory and eye problem damage to construction matieral |
| air inversion | A layer of warm air traps cool air beneath it Pollutants get trapped Especially in valleys |
| What situations lead to thermal inversions? | Warm fronts/high pressure Valleys Areas of oceanic upwelling When radiation from the earth exceeds radiation received from the sun At poles, during winter, inversions are nearly always present Only on land in general, as the ocean retains heat |
| natural source of CO2 | respiration ocean outgassing soil respiration/decomposition volcanoes wildfires |
| is CO2 a pollutant? | net effect of natural CO2 sources and sink is minimal "fast carbon" a necessary greenhouse gas for sustaining global temp excess CO2 disrupt the ecosystem |
| Particulate Matter | solid and liquid particle in the air that are small enough to be inhaled (categorized based on size, 10-2.5) 2.5 has lower respiratory concern pollen, dust, bacteria, dust mite, sea salt, volcanic dust, wildfire |
| indoor pollutants | asthma is the leading chronic disease in children people spend 90% of time indoors pollutant levels are 2-5 time inside compared to outside |
| Sources of Indoor Pollutant | Natural: Radon, mold, dust Anthropogenic: insulation(asbestos), lead(from paint), VOCs Combustion: carbon monoxide, NOx, SO2, PM, Tobacco smoke |
| mold | found in homes, schools, and building with poor ventilation water leaks and too much humidity help mold grow undetected |
| Dust and smoke | can contain particulate of different sizes particulates are minute separate particles home heating and cooling has filters to get rid of dust smoke can also produce particulate that irritate and damage respiratory system |
| Radon (Radon-222) | most stable isotopes; half life of 4 days naturally occurring radioactive gas can dissolve in groundwater and wells some rocks and soil contain uranium, as uranium decay into Radon-222, the gas can escape and seep into homes |
| solution for Radon | Radon test-kit for monitoring seal cracks in foundation or basement to minimize risk and proper ventilation |
| asbesto | was used to insulate houses and can cause lung cancer tiny shards of glass can cause a disease called mesothelioma |
| sick building syndrome | condition where occupants of a building experience health issues and discomfort that seem to be linked to time spent in the building cause: poor ventilation |
| Clean Air Act(more) | reduction of automobile emissions: no lead in gasoline, cleaner technique of transport reduction of acid rain: determining levels of pollutants allowed by industries, reduce SO2 and NO2 Reducing ground-level ozone |
| Method to Reduce Air Pollution | Regulatory practices Conservation practices Alternative fuels Energy-efficient power generation and buildings Improve waste management Greener/compact cities Reduce agricultural burning Access to clean fuels public transit |
| vapor recovery nozzle | prevents fumes from escaping into the atmosphere when fueling a motor vehicle |
| Catalytic converters | device for internal combustion engines that converts pollutants in exhaust into less harmful molecules (the thingy at the bottom end of cars) Hydrocarbons, CO, NO 🡪 H20, N2, CO2 |
| Scrubbers (used in coal burning plants) | remove particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams |
| Wet Scrubbers | Introduces the dirty gas stream with a scrubbing liquid – typically water Particulate or gases are collected in the scrubbing liquid generally the most appropriate device for collecting both particulate and gas in a single system |
| Dry Scrubbers | dry reagents are sprayed into an exhaust stream Pollutants are neutralized, or react and turn into a different substance 🡪That substance then falls out of the gas stream or is caught in a particle screen |
| Electrostatic precipitators | removes fine particles from industrial exhaust by charging them with electricity and capturing them on collector plates. |
| Desulfurization | sing scrubbers, which spray a mixture of limestone and water that reacts with SO₂ to form harmless byproducts Burn coal near CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) SO2 from the coal combine with it—produces CaSO4 (useful byproduct) |
| wet vs. dry deposition | rain, snow, fog vs. aerosol particles and gases |
| Sources of nitrogen oxides | natural: lightning, microbes man-made: coal-burning power plant, motor vehicle |
| sources of sulfur oxide | natural: volcano man-made: coal-burning power plant |
| acid rain pathway | Emission of SO2 and NO2 are released, pollutants are transformed into acid particles and transported long distance, acid particle fall to earth as wet/dry deposition, may cause harm to soil/plant/humans |
| harmful impact of acid rain | Communities that are downwind from power plants are at the most risk Soil acidification Corrosion of human-made structures |
| Limestone and acid rain | limestone bedrock (CaCO3) can neutralize acid rain |
| Acid rain impact on forested areas | aluminum toxicity: aluminum to leach from soil calcium deficiency: trees can't take in calcium reduce photosynthesis: damage plant tissues |
| Noise pollution | ound at levels high enough to cause physiological stress and hearing loss |
| source of noise pollution | Domestic and Industrial Activity Transportation Construction |
| harmful effects on humans/children (noise pollution) | cognitive: difficulty in speech development, poor memory reading ability physical: hearing loss, raised blood pressure behavioral: stress and anxiety, hyperactive |
| Garner effects on organisms (noise pollution) | Stress Masking of sounds used to communicate, hunt, or reproduce Damaged hearing Changes to migratory routes |
Created by:
Akai