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Ch 32-34 test
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____. | adaptive radiation |
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | true tissues |
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Which of the following distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy? | most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials |
Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? | changes in the homebox genes controlling early development |
Which of the following processes contributed the most to the successful evolution of the millions of animal species? | development of multicellularity |
Which of the following organisms was most likely the most recent common ancestor of all animals? | flagellated protists |
One hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships. This hypothesis is best supported by an increased incidence of which of the following fossil traces? | protective shells |
Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? | the origin of hox genes and the addition of new microRNAs |
Which of the following inferences can best be made from the fact that arthropods colonized land about 100 million years before vertebrates? | arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates |
Which of the following characteristics is unique to animals? | nervous system signal conduction |
A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes are absolutely conserved, which of the following genes would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? | genes encoding enzymes involved in collagen synthesis |
Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the extinction of many Ediacaran life forms? | predation by new species, faster movement by new species, and increased developmental flexibility by new species |
Which of the following was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? | it contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion |
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | tissues |
Which of the following characteristics defines a structural distinction between Chordata and Brachiopoda? | Brachiopoda have a lophophore and Chordata do not. |
Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular data rather than morphological data for phylogenetic analysis? | Molecular data is based on genetic relationships rather than morphological similarities. |
Animal life changed greatly during the Cambrian explosion, with some groups expanding in diversity and others declining. What are the current hypotheses that explain these trends? | atmospheric changes, changes in the regulation of development, predator-prey relationships |
Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by most hydrozoans? | both polyps and medusa forms |
Sexual reproduction leads to increased genetic variation, but male bdelloid rotifers have never been observed. Which of the following are correct statements with regard to evolution in bdelloid rotifers? | Bdelloid rotifers gain genetic variation by absorbing DNA from the external environment |
Which of the following statements describes how healthy corals appear brightly colored? | they host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments |
Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? | Echinodermata |
Against which of the following do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? | hydrostatic skeleton |
Which of the following statements applies to both nematodes and arthropods? | grow in conjunction with the shedding of their exoskeleton |
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? | arthropoda |
Which of the following feeding strategies is most likely to be used by aquatic organisms? | filter feeding |
Which of the following characteristics is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? | a digestive system with a single opening |
You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a nematode than it is to an annelid? | it has a hemocoel |
Which of the following characteristics of parasites explains how parasitism has become so widespread among living organisms? | Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers. |
Some invertebrates combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity. Select all correct examples of this statement. | Cnidarians are diploblasts that produce complex, capsule-like organelles and |
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____. | adaptive radiation |
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | true tissues |
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Which of the following distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy? | most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials |
Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? | changes in the homebox genes controlling early development |
Which of the following processes contributed the most to the successful evolution of the millions of animal species? | development of multicellularity |
Which of the following organisms was most likely the most recent common ancestor of all animals? | flagellated protists |
One hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships. This hypothesis is best supported by an increased incidence of which of the following fossil traces? | protective shells |
Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? | the origin of hox genes and the addition of new microRNAs |
Which of the following inferences can best be made from the fact that arthropods colonized land about 100 million years before vertebrates? | arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates |
Which of the following characteristics is unique to animals? | nervous system signal conduction |
A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes are absolutely conserved, which of the following genes would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? | genes encoding enzymes involved in collagen synthesis |
Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the extinction of many Ediacaran life forms? | predation by new species, faster movement by new species, and increased developmental flexibility by new species |
Which of the following was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? | it contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion |
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | tissues |
Which of the following characteristics defines a structural distinction between Chordata and Brachiopoda? | Brachiopoda have a lophophore and Chordata do not. |
Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular data rather than morphological data for phylogenetic analysis? | Molecular data is based on genetic relationships rather than morphological similarities. |
Animal life changed greatly during the Cambrian explosion, with some groups expanding in diversity and others declining. What are the current hypotheses that explain these trends? | atmospheric changes, changes in the regulation of development, predator-prey relationships |
Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by most hydrozoans? | both polyps and medusa forms |
Sexual reproduction leads to increased genetic variation, but male bdelloid rotifers have never been observed. Which of the following are correct statements with regard to evolution in bdelloid rotifers? | Bdelloid rotifers gain genetic variation by absorbing DNA from the external environment |
Which of the following statements describes how healthy corals appear brightly colored? | they host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments |
Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? | Echinodermata |
Against which of the following do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? | hydrostatic skeleton |
Which of the following statements applies to both nematodes and arthropods? | grow in conjunction with the shedding of their exoskeleton |
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? | arthropoda |
Which of the following feeding strategies is most likely to be used by aquatic organisms? | filter feeding |
Which of the following characteristics is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? | a digestive system with a single opening |
You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a nematode than it is to an annelid? | it has a hemocoel |
Which of the following characteristics of parasites explains how parasitism has become so widespread among living organisms? | Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers. |
Some invertebrates combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity. Select all correct examples of this statement. | Cnidarians are diploblasts that produce complex, capsule-like organelles and Trematodes are acoelomates that have effective defenses against attack by their hosts’ immune system. |
You find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. Which of the following characteristics would allow you to make this distinction? | poisonous claws |
The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a hemocoel, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? | nematoda |
Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is correct? | Platyhelminthes − flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, no body cavity |
Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. | the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes |
In early chordates, the primitive pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following functions? | suspension feeding devices |
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? | post anal tail |
In vertebrates, the earliest known mineralized structures were associated with body parts involved in which of the following processes? | feeding |
Which of the following was a trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods? | feet with digits |
In which of the following ways did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? | it made additional food sources available |
Jaws first occurred in which of the following group of fishes? | placoderms |
Ancient fossils that seem to be an intermediate stage in the evolution from fish to tetrapods had which of the following characteristics? | fins and scales like a fish but ribs to support the body and a bone structure in the front limb like tetrapods |
Which of the following organisms is considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? | a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates |
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? | tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction |
The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of which of the following evolutionary processes? | convergent evolution |
Which of the following characteristics allowed early gnathostomes to become successful predators? | fins stiffened with bone that increased maneuverability and improved gas exchange in the gills |
Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? | birds |
Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones? | These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos |
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials | have some embryonic development outside the uterus |
Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is/are correct | Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species. |
Which of the following chordate groups include(s) humans? | Gnathostomes Hominins Amniotes |
Which of the following claims about human evolution is most consistent with current scientific understanding? | Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. |
Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive to least inclusive. | primates, anthropoids, apes, hominins, Homo |
Which of the following statements about the geographic distribution of marsupials is accurate? | they occur in Australia and the Americas |
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? | endothermy |
How could the origin of organisms such as dinosaurs, whose gait allowed them to move without compressing their lungs, have led to emergent properties? | such organisms had competitive advantage |