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PSYCH 231 EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| empiricism | gaining knowledge through systematic observation of the world |
| determinism | the assumtion that phenomena have identifiable causes |
| parsimony | the assumption that the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct |
| testability | the assumption that explanations of behavior can be tested and falsified through observation |
| basic research | research conducted with the goal of understanding fundamental processes of phenomena |
| applied research | research conducted with teh goal of solving everyday problems |
| external validity | the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study |
| desciptive research question | a research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between the different behaviors |
| causual research question | a research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur |
| theory | an explanation of behavior that can be tested through research studies |
| literature review | a process of searching for and reviewing previous studies related to a study being developed to add to the konwledge in an area and make appropriate predictions about the data |
| peer review | a process that takes place prior to publication of an article in many journals where experts make a recommendation about whether an aricle should be published in the journal |
| abstract | a summary of an article that appears at the beginning of the article in searchable databases of journal articles |
| introduction | a section of an APA style article taht introduces the topic of the study, reviews the relevant background studies and presents predictions for the data |
| method | section of an APA style article that describes the participants, design, stimuli, apparatus, and procedure used in the study |
| results | section of an APA style article that presents a summary of the results and the statistical tests of the predictions |
| discussion | section of an APA style article that compares tthe results of a study to the predictions and the results of previous studies |
| hypothesis | prediction regarding the results of a research study |
| theory-driven hypothesis | hypothesis for a study that is based on a theory about the behavior of interest |
| data-driven hypothesis | hypothesis for a study that is based on teh results of previous related studies |
| deductiev reasoning | using general information to make a specific prediction |
| inductive reasoning | using specific information to make a more general prediction |
| descriptive hypothesis | a prediction about the results of a study that describes the behavior or the relationship between behaviors |
| causal hypothesis | a prediction about the results of a study that includes the causes of a behavior |
| external validity | the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study |
| internal validity | the degree to which a study proves causal information about behavior |
| reliability | the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions |
| operational definition | the definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure of manipulate the concept in a research study |
| naturalistic observation | a data collection technique involving noninvasive observation of individuals in their natural environment |
| interrater reliability | a meausre of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways |
| interviews | a data collection technique that involves direct questioning of individuals about their behaviors and attitudes |
| systematic observation | data collection technique where control is exerted over the conditions under which the behavior is observed |
| archival data | a data collection technique that involves analysis of preexisting data |
| content analysis | an archival data collection technique that involes analysis of the content of an individuals spoken or written record |
| variable | an attribute that can vary across individuals |
| dependent/response variable | a varaible that is measured or observed from an individual |
| case study | a research design that involves intensive study of particular individuals and their behavior |
| correlational study | a type of research design that examines the relationships between multiple dependent vairables, without manipulating any of the variables |
| predictor variable | the dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predic the score on another variable |
| outcome variable | the dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable |
| positive relationship | a relationship between variables characterized by coupled increases in the two variables |
| negative realtionship | a relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in the other variable |
| scatterplot | a graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals |
| confounding variable | an extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results |
| random assignment | particpants are randomly assigned to leves of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable |
| quasi experiment | a type of research design where a comparison is made as in an experiment by non random assignment of participants to groups occur |
| pretest-posttest design | a type of reasearch design (often a quasi exp) where behavior is measure both before and after a treatment or condition is implemented |
| Nuremberg Code | set of ethical guidelines developed for research with human participants based on information gained during the Nurember trials after WWII |
| informed consent | obtaining commitment from participants for participation in research after the participants have been informed about the purpose, procedure, and risks of teh reasearch |
| coercion | forcing participants to participate in research without their consent |
| deception | misleading participants about hte purpose or procedures of a reserach study |
| confederate | a person who is part of a research study but cts as though he or she is not to decieve the participants about the studys purpose |
| debriefing | discussing the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants often done at the end of a study |
| consent form | a form provided to the participants at the beginning of a research study to obtain their consent for the study and explain the study's purpose and risks and the participants rights |
| risk benefit analysis | weighing the risks against hte benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweight the risks |
| confidentiality | it is the researchers responsiblity to protect the participants identity and right to privacyy during and after the research study |
| insitutional review board | a committee of knowledgeable individuals who oversee the ethics of research with human participants conducted at an institution |
| demand characteristics | a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose |
| field experiment | an experiment conducted in teh participants natural environment |
| insitutional animal care and use commitee | a committee of knowledgeable individuals that oversees the ethics of research with nonhuan animal subjects at an institution |
| plagiarism | claiming anothers work or ideas as ones own |
Created by:
kmrursse