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6 criminology unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to labelling theory, when does an act become deviant or criminal? | When we create rules and apply them to others. |
| According to labelling theory, what must we focus on to understand criminality? | How certain actions and people get labelled as criminal in the first place. |
| What argument did Howard Becker put forward? | that crime is a subjective concept. |
| What is primary deviance? | an act of deviance that has not been socially labelled as deviant. |
| What is secondary deviance? | an act that has been labelled as deviant. |
| What is recidivism? | Re-offending |
| What is differential enforcement of the law? | When the law is enforced more against one group than against another. |
| What did Pilavin and Briar find that police decisions to arrest were based on? | stereotypical ideas about a person’s manner, dress, gender, class, ethnicity and the time and place. |
| What is the deviance amplification spiral? | An attempt to control deviance through a ‘crackdown’ leads to it increasing rather than increasing. This leads to even greater attempts to control it and, in turn, yet more deviance, in an escalating spiral. |
| Who are moral entrepreneurs ? | People who seek to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm |
| What does Marxism believe shapes criminal behaviour? | the unequal structure of a capitalist society |
| According to Marxists, why is crime inevitable? | because capitalism is a criminogenic (crime-causing) system. |
| What does criminogenic mean? | crime-causing |
| How does capitalism promote criminal behaviour among the working class ? | Poverty forces them to commit survival crimes, such as theft. |
| How does capitalism promote criminal behaviour among the capitalist class ? | Greed drives them to commit corporate crimes like tax evasion and breaking health and safety regulations. |
| What is Right Wing? | a conservative political outlook (traditional values, free-market capitalism, limited government intervention in the economy, national identity, law and order, resistant to radical change) |
| What is Left Wing? | a socialist political outlook (equality and social justice and collective welfare. Economic fairness. A strong sense of fairness and equality of society, especially for marginalised or disadvantaged groups.) |
| What is the basis of Right Realism? | a negative view of human nature (that people are naturally selfish and greedy) Therefore, this aspect of human nature needs to be subject to social controls and being socialised into appropriate behaviour. |
| For Right Realists, What is the solution to crime? | Rational Choice Theory |
| What does Rational Choice Theory argue? | that criminals will engage in crime if the benefits outweigh the costs. The solution is simple: increase the costs of crime (likelihood of getting caught and tougher sentences) |
| What do Right Realists oppose? | any connection sociologists have made between crime and poverty. |
| In Broken Windows Theory, what does Wilson advocate? | that the police adopt a policy of zero-tolerance for even minor crimes |
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Cabezablanca