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Chem Notes #3
Ions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pyrite (FeS2) is also known as ______ ____. | Fool's Gold |
| What are valence electrons? | the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element's atoms |
| The number of valence electrons in an atom of an element _______ determines the chemical properties of the element. | largely |
| _______ electrons are usually the only electrons involved in chemical bonds. | Valence |
| What are electron dot structures? | diagrams that show valence electrons in the atoms of an element as dots |
| Noble gases are ___________. | nonreactive |
| Octet Rule | states that, in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas |
| When forming an ion, ______ lose electrons and __________ gain electrons, making them positive and negative, respectively. | metals; nonmetals |
| The charges of the cations of __________ metals may vary. | transition |
| Some ions formed by transition metals do not have _____ ___ ______________ and are therefore exceptions to the octet rule. | noble gas configurations |
| Ions with a charge of _ or higher are uncommon. | 3 |
| Atoms of nonmetals and metalloids form ______ by gaining enough valence electrons to attain the electron configuration of the _______ noble gas. | anions; nearest |
| Atoms of ___________ elements attain noble gas electron configurations more easily by gaining electrons than by losing them because they have relatively ____ valence shells. | nonmetallic; full |
| What are the ions produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons called? | halide ions |
| What is an ionic compound? | a compound composed of anions and cations |
| Ionic compounds are electrically _______. | neutral |
| What are ionic bonds? | anions and cations attract one another by means of electrostatic forces; these forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds are called ionic bonds |
| What does a chemical formula show? | the number of atoms of each element in the smallest representative unit of a substance |
| What comes first in an ionic compound name? | the cation |
| Ionic compounds do not exist as discrete units, but as ___________ of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in repeating patterns. | collections |
| What is a formula unit? | the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound |
| The chemical formula of an ionic compound refers to a ratio known as a _______ ____. | formula unit |
| Ionic compounds generally have ____ melting points. | high |
| When can ionic compounds conduct an electric current? | when melted or dissolved in water |
| Metals consist of closely-packed _______ and loosely-held ________ _________ rather than neutral atoms. | cations; valence electrons |
| The valence electrons of atoms in a pure metal can be modeled as a ___ of electrons. | sea |
| What are metallic bonds? | the forces of attraction between the free-floating valence electrons and the positively charged metal ions |
| Why are metals good conductors? | electrons can flow freely in the metal; electrons go in one side and an equal amount comes out the other side |
| What does ductile mean? | it means something can be drawn into a wire |
| What does malleable mean? | it means something can be hammered or pressed into shapes |
| When a metal is subjected to _______, the metal cations ______ slide past one another. | pressure; easily |
| Both metals and ionic compounds form _______ structures. | crystal |
| The ___ of electrons surrounding cations in a metal allows metals to be _______ and _________. | sea; ductile; malleable |
| Ionic crystals ________ under pressure. | fracture |
| What are alloys? | mixtures of two or more electrons, at least one of which is metal |
| Alloys are often ________ to those of their component elements. | superior |
| What are the ways alloys are formed? | substitution and interstitial |
| How do alloys form from substitution? | if the atoms of the components in an alloy are about the same size, they can replace each other in the crystal |
| How do alloys form from interstitial? | if the atomic sizes are quite different, the smaller atoms can fit into the interstices between the larger atoms |
| In nature, only _____ _____ exist as uncombined atoms. Not all elements are _________. | noble gases; monatomic |
| What are ionic compounds, generally? | crystalline solids with high melting points |
| The attractions that hold together O2, H2O, CO2, and N2O ______ be explained by _____ _______. | cannot; ionic bonding |
| Atoms that are held together by sharing electrons are joined by a ________ ____. | covalent bond |
| What are molecules? | a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds |
| What are diatomic molecules | molecules that contain two of the same atoms |
| What is a molecular compound? | a compound composed of molecules |
| What is a molecular formula? | the chemical formula of a molecular compound |
| A molecular formula shows how many _____ of each element a substance contains and reflects the actual number of atoms in each ________. | atoms; molecule |
| A molecular formula does not tell you about a molecule's _________. | structure |
| What is a molecular structure? | the arrangement of atoms within a molecule |
| What is the representative unit of a molecular compound? | a molecule |
| What is the representative unit of an ionic compound? | a formula unit |
| What is a formula unit? | the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound |
| Molecular compounds tends to have relatively _____ melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. | lower |
| Many molecular compounds are _____ or _______ at room temperature. | gases; liquids |
| Why does electron sharing usually occur in covalent bonds? | so that atoms can attain the electron configurations of noble gases |
| Two atoms held together by sharing one pair of electrons are joined by a ______ ________ ____. | single covalent bond |
| What is a structural formula? | a formula that represents the covalent bonds as dashes and shows the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms |
| What is an unshared pair? | a pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms; also known as a lone pair or a nonbinding pair |
| Atoms form ______ or ______ covalent bonds if they can attain a noble gas configuration by sharing ___ or _____ pairs of electrons. | double; triple; two; three |
| What is a coordinate covalent bond? | a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons |
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