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CJUS 370
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to the Belknap, what approach should be used to examine the impacts of gender? | intersectional |
| Historically, feminist criminology has focused on the lives and experiences of ______. | White women |
| According to the author, most criminology theories are concerned with ______. | what causes crime |
| The strongest factor that indicates the likelihood that a person will break the law is ______. | gender |
| The most common crime committed against women and girls is ______. | sexual abuse |
| ______ of the Civil Rights Act proved to be crucial for women’s professional entrance into jobs in the criminal legal system. | Title VII |
| Structural inequality looks at how inequality is perpetuated by laws, policies, police, courts, prisons, jails, and youth detention institutions. This kind of structural inequality is considered to be ______. | macro |
| Feminist research shows that women have often been dichotomized as ______. | “Madonnas” or “whores” |
| ______ is an example of a gender difference. | childcare responsibilities |
| Which of the following terms refers to a social, legal, and political climate that values male dominance and hierarchy? | patriarchy |
| Which term is used to describe women’s self-determination? | agency |
| Conflict theory proposes that we focus on ______. | lawmakers |
| Which of the following is an example of a label that may make offending worse? | offender |
| Research that asks individuals about their past experiences at one point in time is referred to as ______. | retrospective |
| According to the life course theory, which developmental stage is considered to be a particularly “at risk” time? | adolescence |
| What approach would a scholar use to examine pathways through the age-differentiated life span? | lifecourse theory |
| The ______ effect is an example of a significant desistance factor for offending. | marriage |
| Out of the four trajectory classifications used by Elaine Gunnison (2015), which of the following is considered to be the only female-dominated group? | de-escalators |
| According to Daly (1992), women who have no or limited chemical dependency or abusive partner histories and their crimes were economically motivated are categorized as ______. | other women |
| Which theory was developed to understand the “contradictions and complications of the lives of the African American battered women who commit crimes?” | gender entrapment theory |
| Which of the following crimes is an example of a female-gender-related crime? | sex work |
| The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) measures crime by looking at ______. | arrests |
| The biggest shortcoming of the UCR and NIBRS is that ______. | they do not include crimes unknown and unreported to police |
| According to the author, which crimes have always been female-gender-related? | prostitution and commercialized vice |
| In patterns of ______, the gender gap widens over time. | gender divergence |
| When gender rates covary; they rise, fall, and stay flat together, it is considered to be a pattern of ______. | gender stability |
| Relabeling status crimes as delinquent acts is an example of ______. | up-criming |
| According to the text, most people who break the law do so between the ages of ______. | 15-24 |
| Which of the following is an example of a status offense? | running away |
| Research has found that women with serious mental illness are more likely to ______. | have experienced trauma |
| Who is the fastest-growing segment of substance users in the United States? | women |
| Criminalizing the use of drugs/alcohol while pregnant is an example of which of the following? | a gender-specific law |
| Which is considered to be the most widely used illicit substance worldwide? | cannabis |
| Which type of substance abuse was identified as being a predominantly female-crime related? | nonmedical prescription drug use |
| The advent of ______ intensified the sexual degradation of women. | crack |
| Stereotypes link women/girls with which of the following types of property crimes? | shoplifting |
| Theft or misuse of an organization’s assets is referred to as ______. | asset misappropriation |
| Women have “flourished” in which type of white-collar crime? | embezzlement |
| Individuals who do sex work do it primarily for which reason? | money |
| ______ refers to the killing of one’s baby who is less than a year, but more than 1 day old. | infanticide |
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