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meda chap 13
medical terminology chap 13 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrinology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system and treats endocrine system diseases. | medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system and treats endocrine system diseases. |
| The endocrine system consists of | glands that perform different functions and are located in different areas of the body. |
| • All endocrine glands share three traits: | – They secrete chemical messengers called hormones. – They secrete their hormones directly into the blood and not through ducts. – Their hormones regulate specific body functions. |
| • The functions of the endocrine system are to | use hormones to stimulate specific organs and to help maintain homeostasis. • Homeostasis(state of equilibrium), so that all systems can function optimally. • Several endocrine glands also do “double duty” as part of another body system. |
| The pituitary gland is located in the | brain, where it sits in a bony cup of the sphenoid bone, sella turcica. • is size of pea, the bulb-shaped pituitary gland functions as body’s “master gland.” •also called the hypophysis, and it consists of an anterior and a posterior lobe. |
| The anterior pituitary gland (also called the adenohypophysis) makes and secretes its own seven hormones: | – Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – Prolactin (PRL) – Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – Luteinizing hormone (LH) – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – Growth hormone (GH) – Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| • The posterior pituitary gland (also called the neurohypophysis) stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: | – Oxytocin (OXT) – Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| The hypothalamus is located in | the center of the brain, just below the thalamus. • It functions as part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system. |
| hypothalamus as an endocrine gland: | – It secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. – It produces ADH and oxytocin and triggers their secretion from the posterior pituitary gland. |
| The pineal gland is | a small, round gland located between the lobes of the thalamus. • It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which regulates the body’s circadian rhythm. • Melatonin also regulates the onset and duration of sleep. |
| The thyroid gland consists of | two lobes connected by a thin bridge of tissue that lies across the front of the trachea. |
| • The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: | – T3 (triiodothyronine) increases rate of cellular metabolism throughout body. – T4 (thyroxine) is changed by liver into T3. – Calcitonin regulates amount of calcium in blood-suppresses osteoclast activity and increasing calcium excretion in urine. |
| The four small parathyroid glands are located on the | posterior surface of thyroid gland. • They secrete parathyroid hormone-regulates amount of calcium in blood. |
| thymus gland is located in the | thoracic cavity posterior to sternum. • large during childhood/puberty-shrinks during adulthood. • functions as part of immune/endocrine system. •secretes thymosin, a hormone that stimulates immature T lymphocytes to develop. |
| – If the calcium level is too low, | parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from the bones into the blood. – Parathyroid hormone has the opposite effect of calcitonin. |
| The pancreas is a | yellow, elongated, triangular gland posterior to the stomach. |
| pancreas secretes three hormones from groups of cells called the islets of Langerhans: | – Glucagon-secreted alpha cells to stimulate glycogen breakdown – Insulin-secreted beta cells to move glucose from blood into body cells. – Somatostatin-secreted delta cells to inhibit secretion of glucagon, insulin, growth hormone. |
| One adrenal gland is found on | the superior end of each kidney. • Both adrenal glands consist of an outer layer called the cortex and an inner layer called the medulla. • The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla function independently and secrete their own hormones. |
| When stimulated by ACTH, the adrenal cortex secretes three groups of hormones: | – Mineralocorticoids – Glucocorticoids – Androgens |
| • The adrenal medulla lies beneath the adrenal cortex and secretes three hormones: | – Norepinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose. – Epinephrine raises blood pressure and prepares for the “fight-or-flight” response. – Dopamine is released during times of stress. |
| The ovaries are | small, egg-shaped glands located near the uterus in females. |
| • As endocrine glands, the ovaries secrete three hormones: | – Follicles in the ovary secrete estradiol when stimulated by FSH. – The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone when stimulated by LH. – The cells around the follicle secrete testosterone when stimulated by LH. |
| The testes are | egg-shaped glands in the scrotum of males. |
| testes are part of both the male genitourinary system and the endocrine system: | – As reproductive structures, the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce spermatozoa when stimulated by FSH. – As endocrine glands, interstitial cells in the testes secrete testosterone when stimulated by LH. |
| • The endocrine system uses hormones as | chemical messengers. • Once secreted into blood, hormones travel to all tissues in body • each hormone acts only on certain target glands /organs cause cells in target have membrane receptors to which only specific hormones can bind. |
| • Some hormones stimulate an endocrine gland to secrete | its hormones, or they directly stimulate receptors on an organ or tissue. • Other hormones inhibit an endocrine gland from secreting its hormones. |
| • Synergism occurs when | two hormones work together to accomplish an enhanced effect. |
| • Antagonism occurs when | two hormones exert opposite effects. |
| The endocrine system maintains body homeostasis through the use of | hormones and a negative feedback mechanism. |
| Hyperpituitarism | General term for hypersecretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. • Caused by presence of an adenoma. • Treatment is drug therapy to suppress hormone secretion or surgery to remove the adenoma followed by radiation therapy. |
| Hypopituitarism | General term for hyposecretion of one+ hormones from anterior pituitary gland. • Caused by injury or defect in anterior pituitary gland. • Hyposecretion of all seven hormones= panhypopituitarism. • needs drug therapy to replace deficient hormones. |
| Galactorrhea | Hypersecretion of prolactin due to an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland; results in production of milk even though the patient is not pregnant or nursing. • galact/o- = milk • -rrhea = discharge or flow |
| Failure of lactation | Hyposecretion of prolactin due to a defect in the anterior pituitary gland; prevents development of the milk glands during puberty and results in inability to breastfeed. |
| Gigantism | Condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes excessive growth of bones and tissues. |
| Acromegaly | Condition in which hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes a person’s facial features, jaw, hands, and feet to widen and enlarge. • acr/o- = extremity • -megaly = enlargement |
| Dwarfism | Condition in which hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty causes a lack of growth and short stature, but with normal body proportions. |
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) | Condition in which hypersecretion of ADH causes kidneys to increase reabsorption of excessive amounts of water/some sodium. • Reabsorption dilutes blood=causes a low blood sodium level • Low blood sodium leads to headache, weakness, confusion, coma. |
| Diabetes insipidus (DI) | Condition in which hyposecretion of ADH causes the kidneys to decrease reabsorption of sodium and water. • Decreased reabsorption results in polyuria. • Water loss from polyuria leads to weakness and polydipsia. |
| Uterine inertia | Condition in which hyposecretion of oxytocin causes weak and uncoordinated uterine contractions during childbirth. • Results in prolonged labor and delayed birth. • Postpartum hemorrhage may occur because the uterus does not contract properly. |
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | Condition in which decreased hours of sunlight lead to hypersecretion of melatonin accompanied by a decrease in serotonin levels • Symptoms: depression, decreased energy, weight gain • Treatment: phototherapy, drug therapy, antidepressant medication |
| Hyperthyroidism | Condition where thyroid gland secretes too much T3 and T4. • nodule in thyroid gland/adenoma in anterior pituitary gland. • Symptoms: tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, restlessness, insomnia, fatigue, goiter, dry eyes, slow eyelid closing. |
| • Most common form of hyperthyroidism | Graves disease- body produces antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland-lead to increased production of T3 and T4. • Treatment: antithyroid drugs, thyroidectomy followed by radiation therapy or administration of radioactive iodine. |
| Goiter | Chronic, progressive enlargement of thyroid gland; thyromegaly. • caused by thyroid cancer, chronic inflammation of thyroid gland, or lack of iodine. • too little iodine causes thyroid to enlarge= simple goiter, nontoxic goiter, or endemic goiter. |
| • Adenomatous goiters or nodular goiters are caused by | (usually benign) growths in the thyroid gland. • A multinodular goiter involves many nodules. |
| Hypothyroidism | Condition in which thyroid gland secretes too little T3 and T4. • Usually caused by iodine deficiency. • May also result from a congenital defect or Hashimoto thyroiditis (an autoimmune disorder in which the body makes anti-thyroid antibodies). |
| Thyroid carcinoma | Cancerous or malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. • Causes enlargement of the thyroid gland with hoarseness and neck pain. • Usually slow growing and has a high cure rate. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Condition in which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone moves too much calcium from the bones into blood. • Movement of calcium causes hypercalcemia and bone fragility, muscle weakness, fatigue, depression, and kidney stones. |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Condition in which hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia. • Usually caused by accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy. • Symptoms include nerve irritability, skeletal muscle cramps, and spasms. |
| hypothyoidism symptoms | • Symptoms include fatigue, low body temperature, dry hair and skin, constipation, weight gain. myxedema, tingling in hands and feet, lack of menstruation, hair loss, enlarged heart and tongue, slow speech, and mental impairment. |
| Hyperinsulinism | Condition in which a pancreatic adenoma causes hypersecretion of insulin. • High insulin levels lead to low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). • Symptoms: shakiness, headache, sweating, dizziness, and fainting. • can progress to insulin shock and coma. |
| Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) | Condition where hypersecretion of insulin occurs because cell receptors develop resistance to insulin. •glucose remains in blood • pancreas senses high glucose level-tries to lower it by secreting more insulin-develops diabetes mellitus |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | Condition in which beta cells ofpancreas are unable to secrete enough insulin. • Low insulin levels result in elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia). |
| DM urine | • Glycosuria occurs as kidneys work to rid body of excess glucose. • Polyuria develops as lucose brings water along with it. • Excessive urination leads to polydipsia • Inability to metabolize glucose leads to polyphagia ( |
| Type 1 | Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) because pancreas secretes no insulin and patient must receive insulin injections. • Sometimes known as juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus • autoimmune disease where body makes antibodies |
| Type 1.5 | Also called latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). • Similar to type 1 diabetes in that it is an autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against the pancreas. • The pancreas still secretes some insulin—just not enough. |
| Type 2 | Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult- onset diabetes mellitus (ADDM). • Is not result of an autoimmune disorder. • insulin secretion is decreased because the patient is obese and has developed insulin resistance. |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | Occurs in some women during pregnancy, when increased levels of estradiol and progesterone block the action of insulin; resolves upon delivery of the baby. |
| Type 1 | requires drug therapy with insulin. |
| • Type 2 | is typically managed with oral antidiabetic drugs and occasionally insulin. |
| • Type 1.5 | is treated similarly to type 2, although insulin will more likely be required. |
| • Oral antidiabetic drugs | stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin, so they do not work for patients with type 1 DM. |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | Condition in which a high level of acidic substances, ketones accumulates in blood because the body metabolizes fat rather than glucose; this lowers blood pH and can lead to diabetic coma. • ket/o- = ketones • acid/o- = acid • -osis = condition |
| Diabetic neuropathy | Decreased or abnormal sensation in the extremities due to damage to the myelin sheaths around nerves. |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Condition in which high levels of glucose and ketones cause degenerative changes in the nephrons of the kidneys; can lead to kidney failure. |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Degenerative changes in the retina due to the local effect of excess glucose and ketones; also involves formation of fragile blood vessels that rupture easily. |
| Atherosclerosis | Formation of fatty deposits and plaques in the arteries; process is accelerated in patients with DM because of abnormalities in fat metabolism. |
| Impotence | Difficulty achieving an erection; may occur as a result of nerve damage and atherosclerosis. |
| Foot injury | Patients with DM are at increased risk due to poor eyesight and decreased sensation. • Wound healing is slow because of poor blood flow and high blood glucose. • Small injuries may progress to ulcers or gangrene. |
| Hyperaldosteronism | Condition in which hypersecretion of aldosterone causes reabsorption of large amounts of sodium and water from the kidneys into the blood; this results in hypertension, electrolyte imbalance, and weakness. |
| Hypoaldosteronism | Condition in which hyposecretion of aldosterone causes a low level of sodium in the blood; this results in dizziness, weakness, and decreased blood pressure. |
| Cushing syndrome | Condition where hypersecretion of cortisol stimulates liver to convert too much glycogen to glucose-elevates blood glucose levels, results in rapid weight gain. |
| Addison disease | Condition in which hyposecretion of cortisol leads to low blood glucose, fatigue, weight loss, and decreased ability to tolerate stress, disease, or surgery; the skin also develops an unusual bronzed color. |
| cushing syndrome synptoms | • Fat deposits develop in abdomen, face, upper back. • Thinning of connective tissue causes red cheeks and abdominal striae. • Decreased protein synthesis leads to muscle wasting and weakness. |
| Adrenogenital syndrome | Condition in which hypersecretion of androgens causes alterations in sexual characteristics. |
| Pheochromocytoma | Condition where hypersecretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine causes heart palpitations, severe sweating, headaches, severe hypertension- stroke; adrenal adenoma w a gray-tan appearance • phe/o- = gray • chrom/o- = color • cyt/o- = cell • -oma = tumor |
| adrogenital. syndrome in genders | • In girls, the clitoris and labia enlarge to resemble a penis and scrotum. • In boys, precocious puberty occurs. • In adult females, hypersecretion leads to virilism, amenorrhea, and excessive dark hair on the forearms and face. |
| Precocious puberty | Early onset of puberty due to hypersecretion of estradiol; characterized by premature development of the breasts and female secondary sexual characteristics, as well as early onset of menstruation and ovulation. |
| Menopause | Cessation of menstruation due to hyposecretion of estradiol in an adult female. • normal result of aging process can also be caused by removal of ovaries • Accompanied by vaginal dryness, thinning of the hair, lack of sexual drive, and hot flashes. |
| Infertility | Hormonal causes include hyposecretion of estradiol, an imbalance in the amount of estradiol and progesterone, or a lack of FSH; these alterations can lead to lack of ovulation, abnormal menstruation, or history of miscarriages. |
| Precocious puberty | Early onset of puberty due to hypersecretion of testosterone; involves premature development of male secondary sexual characteristics, growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and sperm production. |
| Gynecomastia | Enlargement of the breasts due to hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male. • gynec/o- = female • mast/o- = breast • -ia = condition |
| Infertility | May be caused by hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male due to undescended testes, surgical removal of the testes, or lack of LH from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Antithyroglobulin antibodies tests | Test that detects antibodies against thyroglobulin, a precursor to T3 and T4; a positive result indicates the patient has Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves disease. |
| Calcium test | Test that measures the level of calcium in the blood; can reveal whether the parathyroid gland is secreting a normal amount of parathyroid hormone. |
| Cortisol level test | Test that measures the amount of cortisol in the blood to determine if the adrenal cortex is working; also indirectly determines whether the anterior pituitary gland is secreting ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex. |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Test that measures blood glucose level after a patient has fasted for at least 12 hours. • Results indicate whether pancreas is secreting a normal amount of insulin. • Also called a fasting blood glucose-initial screening test for diabetes mellitus. |
| FSH assay and LH assay | Test that measures levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. • Results indicate whether the anterior pituitary gland is secreting normal amounts of these hormones. • Included in male and female infertility workups. |
| Glucose self- testing | Procedure in which patients measure their own blood glucose level one or more times each day to ensure it is maintained within normal range. |
| Glucose tolerance test (GTT) | Test in which a blood specimen is drawn after patient fasts for 12 hrs, then once every hr for 4 hrs after patient consumes a glucose drink. • blood glucose is elevated at 1st but returns normal 1 to 2 hours- cont. indicates diabetes mellitus. |
| Growth hormone test | Test that measures the level of growth hormone in the blood to determine whether the anterior pituitary gland is secreting a normal amount. |
| Hemoglobin A1c test | Test that measures the A1c fraction of hemoglobin in a diabetic patient’s red blood cells; higher levels indicate poor blood glucose control during the past several months. |
| Testosterone test | Test that measures levels of total testosterone and free testosterone in a man’s blood to determine if testes are secreting a normal amount. • indirectly determines if anterior pituitary gland is secreting enough luteinizing hormone. |
| Thyroid function tests (TFTs) | Test that measures blood levels of T3, T4, TSH. • T3 and T4 levels if thyroid is functioning correctly- TSH level if anterior pituitary gland is functioning correctly • Values from these tests calculate patient’s free thyroxine index (FTI or T7). |
| ADH stimulation test | Test that measures urine concentration- if secreting a normal amount of (ADH) • Patient provides a urine specimen w/out drinking 12 hours then receives ADH/water for 2nd urine • diabetes insipidus, 2nd specimen will be more concentrated. |
| Estradiol test | Test that measures the level of estradiol in women’s urine to determine if ovaries are secreting normal amounts of this hormone. • evaluates whether the anterior pituitary gland is secreting adequate FSH. • Done as part of an infertility workup. |
| Urine dipstick test | Test that measures glucose, ketones, and other substances in the urine; used to evaluate patients with diabetes. |
| Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) test | Test that measures levels of VMA, a byproduct of epinephrine and norepinephrine. • Requires a 24-hour urine sample. • Results help reveal whether the adrenal medulla is functioning correctly. |
| Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan | Test that combines a thyroid scan and a nuclear medicine procedure. • Thyroid scan shows size/shape of thyroid gland. • Radioactive iodine uptake shows how well thyroid gland absorbs iodine from blood. |
| Thyroid ultrasonography | Procedure that uses sound waves to produce an image of the thyroid gland; can show enlargement and/or presence of nodules. |
| ADA diet | Physician-prescribed diet for patients with diabetes that follows guidelines established by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). • Carbohydrate and fat intake are limited. • The physician specifies the upper limit for total daily caloric intake. |
| Antidiabetic drugs | Oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. • Act by stimulating the pancreas to secrete more insulin or by increasing the number of insulin receptors on cells. • Cannot be used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. |
| Antithyroid drugs | Used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting production of T3 and T4; alternative treatment is to administer radioactive sodium iodine 131 to destroy thyroid cells. |
| Corticosteroids | Drugs that mimic the action of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; used to treat severe inflammation and as hormone therapy for Addison disease. |
| Growth hormone supplement drugs | Drugs that provide growth hormone to people who are deficient. |
| Insulin | Used to treat type 1, type 1.5, type 2 diabetes mellitus that can’t be controlled w oral antidiabetic agents. • Must be injected at least once per day to control blood glucose levels. • Different insulin are classified by speed/duration of action |
| Thyroid hormone supplement drugs | Drugs used to treat a lack of thyroid hormones and hypothyroidism. |
| Adrenalectomy | Procedure to remove the adrenal gland because of an adenoma or cancerous tumor. • adrenal/o- = adrenal gland • -ectomy = surgical removal |
| Fine-needle biopsy | Procedure that uses a fine needle to take a small sample of tissue from a thyroid nodule to determine whether the nodule is benign or cancerous. |
| Parathyroidectomy | Procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism; may also occur accidentally during thyroid surgery. |
| Thymectomy | Procedure to remove the thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis. |
| Thyroidectomy | Procedure to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. • Subtotal thyroidectomy involves removal of just one part. • Thyroid lobectomy involves removal of only one lobe. |
| Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy | Procedure to remove an adenoma from pituitary gland by way of an incision in the sphenoid sinus. • trans- = through • sphenoid/o- = sphenoid bone or sphenoid sinus • -al = pertaining to • hypophys/o- = pituitary gland • -ectomy = surgical removal |
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