And finally, religion is about worshipping a single or a plurality of _________, _________________ referred to as _____; there are different proper names for these beings in various religions.

supernatural supreme or sacred beings gods

Religion relates to _____________________ as they concern the culture, the collective behavior, and the individual personalities of the people living their lives in the society.

anthropology, sociology and psychology

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PRELIM RELIGIONS

REVIEWER

Question	Answer
The word “________” was derived from the Latin phrase re elegare, which in English means “to rebind”.	religion
The word “religion” was derived from the Latin phrase ________, which in English means “to rebind”.	re elegare
The word “religion” was derived from the Latin phrase re elegare, which in English means “________".	to rebind
Religion, in this sense, is the means of _______ the relations between human beings and God.	rebinding
In the culture of Rome during the ancient times, _______ (“religion”) was distinct from supertitio (“superstition”).	religio
In the culture of Rome during the ancient times, religio (“religion”) was distinct from _______ (“superstition”).	supertitio
refers to socially acceptable practices that the Roman people regarded to be the proper way of relating to their gods, like praying and offering gifts to them in the temples.	religio
means what the Romans judged to be unconventional and incorrect beliefs about god, and improper manner of worship.	superstio
According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, _______ is “an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods.”	religion
First, religion is “_________”, meaning, there’s a social institution involved with it such as a church, an association or even a nation.	organized
it is a “__________”, that means, there is a body of dogmas, doctrines, conventions or traditions that the members adhere to in every religion.	system of beliefs
There are also “_________” or formal activities that people do in a religion, like praying or performing rituals.	ceremonies
religion involves “_______” or “_______” to regulate moral actions.	rules codes
And finally, religion is about worshipping a single or a plurality of _________, _________________ referred to as _____; there are different proper names for these beings in various religions.	supernatural supreme or sacred beings gods
Different religions have some similar characteristics called “_____________” based on the philosophy of language by Ludwig Wittgenstein.	family resemblances
According to _________, in his article “Defining Religion” (1976), the term “religion” is very complicated.	Russell Kirkland
We may agree what _________ is not, for example, that it does not refer to “a telephone, an airline or a presidential election”.	religion
_________definition concerns with what religion __,	Substantive is
while ________ meaning is about what religion _____.	functional does
The ________ meaning, which we mentioned earlier, is an example of substantive definition: that religion is about doctrine and sacred being, or it involves worship and ceremonies.	dictionary
The dictionary meaning, which we mentioned earlier, is an example of _________ definition: that religion is about doctrine and sacred being, or it involves worship and ceremonies.	substantive
tends to generalize, but it doesn’t mean that every religion necessarily has all of these elements, for instance, Buddhism is one of the great religions of the world, but is has no concept of god.	Substantive definition
tends to be reductionistic by making it exclusive to be used only within certain areas of human concerns, such as the claim that religion is a social bond that unites the people in a community together, or it is a cultural construction intended to regul	functional definition
A definition of religion may be a combination of substantive and functional connotations. This the case of the oft-quoted formulation by the sociologist _________________________	Emile Durkheim
In order to give an alternative meaning of religion, Russell proposed what he calls “____________” definition.	consolatory
This kind of definition satisfies our psychological and philosophical longing for the explanations regarding our lives and the existence of the universe.	consolatory definition
From this we may state the __________ definition that, “religion is humanity’s means of coping with these basic problems of human existence.”	consolatory
m1 continue page 4, basic theories and terms about religion
is a theory which affirms the existence of God,	theism
denies God’s existence.	atheism
theorizes that there is only one God,	monotheism
says that there are many gods,	polytheism
asserts that everything is God.	pantheism
views that God resides in natural or inanimate objects such as trees, stones or rivers.	animism
stresses that God cannot be known by human reason; whatever we claim to know about God cannot be certain and should always be subjected to doubt.	agnosticism
maintains that God can only be ascertained by faith.	fideism
refers to an underground, small, organized religion that is generally not socially acceptable, and with unconventional and radical beliefs and teachings.	cult
is a religion with unpopular and usually fundamentalist doctrines formed by a minor group of people who separated themselves from one major religious organization.	sect
is a mainstream religion with big membership, but not officially sponsored by any secular entities.	denomination
is a religion where most or all members of the society belong; this group has a national boundary and officially connected with the state.	ecclesia
Religion and _________ are allied disciplines in the sense that the development of religions defends on the prevailing historical events of the period, and history unfolds as conditioned by religion.	history
Religion relates to _____________________ as they concern the culture, the collective behavior, and the individual personalities of the people living their lives in the society.	anthropology, sociology and psychology
One basic theory which come from these areas is that religion may be seen as a form of ____________ conditioning used by the society to regulate the actions of its members.	cultural or mental
The study of religions also utilizes the disciplines of _____and ___________.	law political science
Religion interacts with the fields of law and political science in the context of____________ that have been going on ever since the beginning of human communities.	power relations
More theoretically, religion is closely connected with ___________.	philosophy
Both of these areas of knowledge deal with the ultimate cause, such as the reality and existence of the universe, or the meaning and purpose of human life.	religion and philosophy
__________________ serve as the background for conceptualizing the systems of religious doctrines, dogmas or teachings.	Philosophical speculations
Religion has ________ component too, because of the moral codes inherent in its doctrines.	ethical
Christians believe in one God who exists in three persons: Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit. Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief in his resurrection.	Christianity:
Muslims believe in one God (Allah) and follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as revealed in the Quran. Islam emphasizes submission to the will of Allah.	Islam:
While Hinduism has elements of both polytheism and monotheism, many Hindus believe in a supreme God (Brahman) who manifests in various forms, including gods and goddesses like Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi.	Hinduism:
Jews believe in one God (Yahweh) who made a covenant with the Israelites. Judaism is based on the teachings of the Torah and emphasizes the importance of following God's laws.	Judaism:
is the absence of belief in the existence of deities or gods.	Atheism
Instead, they rely on empirical evidence, reason, and scientific methods to understand the universe.	Atheism
Some atheists reject the concept of God or gods based on scientific evidence and principles. They believe that natural phenomena can be explained through science without invoking supernatural entities.	Scientific Atheism:
focus on human values and the potential for human progress without reliance on religious beliefs. They emphasize ethics, compassion, and rationality as guiding principles.	2. Humanism:
do not claim to know for certain whether gods exist but lean towards disbelief due to a lack of evidence.	Agnostic Atheism:
They maintain an open-minded approach but live their lives without belief in deities.	Agnostic Atheism:
advocate for the separation of religion and government.	4. Secular Atheism:
They believe in maintaining a secular society where laws and policies are based on reason and equality rather than religious doctrines.	4. Secular Atheism:
is the belief in the existence of only one deity or God.	Monotheism
what are monotheism religions?	- christianity - islam - judaism - sikhism
is the belief in and worship of multiple deities or gods.	Polytheism
what are polytheism religions?	Hinduism: Ancient Greek Religion: ancient egyptian religion shinto
is the belief or philosophical view that god or a divine presence is identical with the universe and everything in it	pantheism
the divine is not a distinct, separate entity but is instead equivalent to the natural world and its phenomena	pantheism
emphasizes the interconnectedness and unity of all things and often leads to a reverence for nature	pantheis,
examples of pantheism	spinozism daoism some new age beliefs ancient indigenous beliefs
is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence or soul.	Animism
This belief system holds that everything in the world, including animals, plants, rocks, rivers, and even man-made objects, has a spirit or life force.	Animism
is often associated with indigenous and traditional cultures and is characterized by a deep reverence for nature.	Animism
example of animism	shinto australian aboriginal spirituality native american spirituality african tradition religions
is the view that the existence of God, gods, or any ultimate reality is unknown or unknowable.	Agnosticism
believe that it is impossible to have definitive knowledge about the existence or non-existence of deities, and therefore, they neither affirm nor deny the existence of such beings.	Agnosticism
often considered a middle ground between theism and atheism.	Agnosticism
believe in the existence of a deity or deities but acknowledge that the existence of such beings cannot be proven or known for certain.	Agnostic Theism:
They have faith in a higher power while recognizing the limits of human knowledge.	Agnostic Theism:
do not believe in the existence of deities but also accept that it is impossible to know for certain whether any deities exist.	2. Agnostic Atheism:
They lean towards disbelief due to a lack of evidence but remain open to the possibility that they could be wrong.	2. Agnostic Atheism:
maintain that the existence of deities is unknown and possibly unknowable due to the limitations of human cognition and understanding.	Skeptical Agnosticism:
They emphasize skepticism and critical thinking, often questioning religious and metaphysical claims.	Skeptical Agnosticism:
hold that the existence or non-existence of deities is irrelevant to their lives.	Apathetic Agnosticism:
They believe that whether deities exist or not has no practical impact on how they live their lives and therefore do not concern themselves with the question.	Apathetic Agnosticism:
is the philosophical view that religious belief relies primarily on faith rather than reason or evidence.	Fideism
According to _______, faith is a necessary and sufficient basis for religious beliefs and practices, and rational arguments or empirical evidence are not essential for validating religious truths.	fideism
often emphasizes the subjective, personal nature of religious experience and the importance of trust in religious teachings.	fideism
An early Christian writer, __ is often cited as an example of fideism due to his famous statement "Credo quia absurdum" ("I believe because it is absurd"). ____ argued that faith in God transcends human reason and logic.	Tertullian
A Danish philosopher and theologian, Kierkegaard is known for his emphasis on the importance of individual faith and the "leap of faith."	Søren Kierkegaard:
He believed that true religious belief requires a subjective commitment that goes beyond rational justification.	Søren Kierkegaard:
While not strictly a fideist, Pascal's famous "Pascal's Wager" suggests that it is a rational bet to believe in God, even without definitive evidence.	Blaise Pascal:
acknowledged the limits of human reason and argued for faith based on the potential benefits of belief.	Blaise Pascal:
emphasized the primacy of faith in understanding divine revelation. He argued that human reason is insufficient to fully comprehend God's nature, and faith is essential for true religious understanding.	Karl Barth:
faith emotion > reason	tertullian
if reason reach its limit, then use faith	soren kierkegaard
if you believe, it has no harm	blaise pascal
faith to understand god	karl bath
typically refers to a social group defined by its unusual religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs, or by its common interest in a particular personality, object, or goal.	cult
often have a charismatic leader who demands loyalty and devotion from the group members.	cult
Cults often revolve around a central figure who is revered and obeyed without question.	Charismatic Leader:
Cults create a sense of belonging among members, often contrasting their group against the outside world.	Us vs. Them Mentality:
Members are sometimes encouraged or forced to cut ties with family and friends outside the group.	Isolation:
There may be strict rules about behavior, thoughts, and beliefs, and dissent is often discouraged or punished.	Thought Control:
High levels of time, money, and emotional investment are usually required from members.	Demand for Commitment:
what are the characteristics of cults	charismatic leader us vs them mentality isolation thought control demand for commitment
Founded by Jim Jones, this cult ended tragically in 1978 when over 900 members died in a mass murder-suicide in Jonestown, Guyana.	People's Temple (Jonestown):
Led by Marshall Applewhite, this cult believed they could transcend to a higher existence. In 1997, 39 members committed mass suicide in California.	Heaven's Gate:
A sect led by David Koresh in Waco, Texas, which ended in a deadly confrontation with federal authorities in 1993.	Branch Davidians:
Some critics label it a cult due to its secretive practices and the control it exerts over members, although it is legally recognized as a religion in many countries.	4. Scientology:
examples of cults	people's temple heaven's gate branch davidians scientology
is a subgroup within a larger religious, political, or philosophical movement, often formed when members break away to establish their own distinct practices or beliefs.	sect
is a subgroup within a larger religious, political, or philosophical group that has distinct beliefs or practices.	sect
often arise when members of a larger group disagree with certain doctrines or policies and decide to break away to form their own community.	sect
typically maintain some core elements of the original group but develop unique characteristics that set them apart.	sect
Originating from the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, various sects like Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans emerged, breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church.	Protestantism:
These are the two main sects within Islam, each with its own interpretations and practices. Shia Islam, for instance, places particular emphasis on the leadership of the Imam.	Shia and Sunni Islam:
They originated from a disagreement over the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad.	Shia and Sunni Islam:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) is a sect that branched off from mainstream Christianity in the 19th century, founded by Joseph Smith.	Mormonism:
This is a sect within Orthodox Judaism that emphasizes strict adherence to traditional Jewish law and customs, often in contrast to more modern or liberal branches of Judaism.	Haredi Judaism:
These are two major schools within Buddhism, each with its own interpretations of the Buddha's teachings.	Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism:
Hasidic Judaism is a mystical and spiritual movement within Orthodox Judaism, characterized by its unique customs and rituals.	Hasidic and Orthodox Judaism:
is a recognized autonomous branch of a larger religious or spiritual tradition, characterized by its own distinct beliefs, practices, and organizational structure.	denomination
what are the examples of sects	protestantism shia and sunni islam mormonism haredi judaism theravada and mahayana buddhism hasidic and orthodox judaism
often arise within established religions when groups develop unique interpretations or practices but remain part of the broader religious community.	Denominations
While sharing core beliefs with the parent tradition, denominations have unique practices, doctrines, or governance.	Distinct Identity:
Denominations often have formal structures, including leadership, governance, and membership guidelines.	Organizational Structure:
Denominations can reflect cultural, historical, or regional differences within a broader religious tradition.	 Cultural and Geographical Variance:
They are usually recognized as legitimate branches within the larger religious context.	Recognition:
The largest Christian denomination, led by the Pope and characterized by its sacramental practices and hierarchical structure.	Roman Catholicism:
Includes the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and other autocephalous (self-governing) churches, known for their liturgical traditions and emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers.	Eastern Orthodoxy:
Encompasses various denominations such as Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, and Presbyterians, each with its distinct beliefs and practices.	Protestantism:
The largest branch of Islam, which emphasizes the role of the consensus of the Muslim community and follows the Sunnah (traditions) of the Prophet Muhammad.	Sunni Islam:
A major branch that believes in the leadership of the Imams, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, and has its own religious practices and legal interpretations.	Shia Islam:
Adheres strictly to traditional Jewish laws and customs.	Orthodox Judaism:
Balances traditional practices with some modern interpretations.	Conservative Judaism:
Emphasizes individual autonomy and adapting Jewish practices to contemporary life.	Reform Judaism:
also known as a state church, refers to a dominant, officially recognized religious organization that is integrated with the government or state apparatus.	ecclesia,
This type of religious body is characterized by its close relationship with the government, which often involves the endorsement and support of the state.	ecclesia,
typically aims to encompass all members of the society and plays a significant role in the country's political, cultural, and social life.	ecclesia
Ecclesia is recognized by the state as the official religion or church.	Official Recognition:
It often includes the majority of the population as members, sometimes by default or birth.	Widespread Membership:
Ecclesia may receive state funding, and its leaders may have a role in government functions or policies.	Government Integration:
The beliefs and practices of the ecclesia significantly shape the cultural and social norms of the society.	Cultural Influence:
what are the examples of ecclesia	church of england (anglican church) lutheran church in sweden eastern orthodoc church in greece
we mean an individualized kind of religion.	spirituality
A person is ___ if he or she do things not necessarily according to church’s commandment, but out of personal devotions,such as praying the rosary everyday, saying grace before meal, joining in the Baclaran novena every Wednesday, or going to Quiapo to	spiritual
concerns the life of the soul as distinct from the life of the body.	spiritual
The fundamental view of Christian spiritual life teaches __________________, as shown by Jesus Christ abiding with the will of the Father, and by Mary submitting herself entirely to God when she said “Let your will be done”.	submission and humility
cultivates intellectual spirituality through education and learning,	Dominican
practical spirituality as it asserts the primacy of everyday life,	Jesuit
develops contemplative and active spirituality as expressed in their Latin maxim ora et labora, meaning “prayer and work”.	Benedictine
live a spiritual life of service because they become the priests of the parishes.	diocesan
suggests that one aspect of Hindu spirituality is non-violence;	The life of Gandhi
people tend to be fatalistic due to the belief that their lives are govern by the all-pervading law of karma.	Hindu
as it teaches about loyalty and filial piety, focusses on respect to authorities, such as the elders and parents in the family, and the leaders of the community.	Confucian spirituality,
spirituality is described as “other worldly,” because it teaches about the elimination of material desires towards attaining Nirvana.	Buddhist
stresses a spiritual life of simplicity by having least desires, speech and movements.	Zen Buddhism
is bodily health and mental well-being, because they tried to live in inner peace and in harmony with nature.	Taoists
is obedience to the determining will of Allah, and humility before the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful God.	Muslim spiritualit
nurtures a spiritual life consists of respect to the patriarch and obedience to traditional practices and commandments.	Judaism
may be described as a person’s encounter with the divine or ultimate reality.	religious experience
It is an inner thought, feeling, intuition, or anything within us, which make us experience the presence and workings of God or a divine reality in ourselves, in others or in the world. Religious	religious experience
an event which the person regards as something extra-ordinary or supernatural; one believed it to be caused by an entity whose power lies beyond this world.	religious experience
one which does not abide with natural occurrence, and believed to be due to a sacred cause.	miraculous
experience is one of being in the presence of a divinity, but separated from it; the presence is such that there in the person the sense of awe that creates intense emotional response.	numinous
is one of being in direct communication or union with a divine reality, such that the person encountering that reality has been totally engulfed by or lost into it.	mystical
in his book The Existence of God (2004), defines experience broadly as a “conscious mental event”, and religious experience particularly as “an experience that seems to the subject an experience of God”.	Richard Swineburne
Richard Swineburne in his book _____________________), defines experience broadly as a “conscious mental event”, and religious experience particularly as “an experience that seems to the subject an experience of God”.	The Existence of God (2004
when the phenomenon could be encountered by many people;	public
when exclusive to an individual and cannot be shared with others.	private
A public experience that is ordinary but a person finds it to be having a divine origin.	category 1
a person would regard waking up every morning still alive an ordinary experience, but for a religious individual, it could be a miracle by thinking about the inevitability of death for all people.	category 1
An astronomer would consider it ordinary to look at the starry sky at night through the telescope, but for a devout person, it could be a numinous experience for having awed in his littleness by the vastness of space, thereby feeling the presence in the	category 1
a public experience which is not ordinary, in the rational or scientific sense, because it violates the physical and natural laws.	Category 2:
Miracles usually fall under this type, for instance, the healing of a person with an incurable disease, or water turning into wine.	Category 2:
A person’s private experience believed to have been divinely inspired, and describable through ordinary, sensory language,	Category 3:
Moses seeing the burning bush, the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, or Mohammad’s vision of an angel dictating to him the Qur’an.	Category 3:
A private experience of the divine reality which is ineffable, or cannot be described using ordinary language;	Category 4:
language; it is explainable only by talking in negatives and metaphors. Included in this type are mystical experiences put in words as “simply not like any others,” or “like beings tossed into the abyss.”	Category 4:
The mystical experience brought by contemplative prayers was described by Therese of Avila as “the soul abandoning itself fully into the arms of God”.	Category 4:
A constant and regular feeling of the existence of a divinity,	category 5:
such as a monk meditating while he sits in yoga position, so relaxed and unmoved, as if he is being engulfed by the ultimate reality.	category 5:
“the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine.”	William James
belief. In his book ___________ James defined religion as “the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine.”	Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
Religion is _________________ which concerns an individual alone.	purely personal
For James, the truth of religion is _____ that can be demonstrated by logic, neither it is _______ that can be validated by the method of science, nor it is social and institutional that is determined by the doctrines and teachings of the church.	not intellectual natural
way. Religious experience starts from a person’s certain feeling of ____ which is found to have originated from a sense of being wrong or having a difficulty about something that concerns his life; then out of his uneasiness, he affirms the reality of a	unease
oldest existing religion.	hinduism

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