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Med Care Ch. 24
Infectious Diseases and Sepsis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| infectious diseases are caused by | bacteria, viruses, fungus, other microbes |
| communicable disease | can be passed from one individual to another |
| communicable diseases are caused by | direct contact, contact with secretions from an infected person |
| incubation period | the time from exposure to development of the first syptoms |
| communicable period | when the patient is shedding or releasing infectious material, when the microbe can potentially transmitted |
| nirulence | strength of the microbe in combating the body's defenses |
| dose | the amount of microbes introduced into the body |
| route | how the pathogen enters the body |
| body's resistance | people with functioning immune systems can fight off many infections that patients with compromised immune systems cannot |
| factors causing infection and illness after exposure | virulence, dose, route, body's resistance |
| sepsis | a life-threatening condition resulting from an abnormal and counterproductive response by the body that causes damage to tissues and organs |
| septic shock | occurs when these changes result in shock and hypotension that does not respond to intravenous fluids, result of fluid loss internally from increased capillary permeability and vasodilation that prevents blood from returning to the heart |
| locations of body likely to be associated with sepsis | lungs, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, openings in the skin, central nervous system |
| lungs sepsis | pneumonia |
| gastrointestinal tract sepsis | abdominal surgery, pancreatitis |
| genitourinary tract sepsis | kidney or prostate infections, urinary catheter |
| openings in the skin sepsis | long term IV, tracheostomy, gastrostomy tube, pressure sores |
| central nervous system sepsis | meningitis |
| systemic inflammatory response system (SIRS) criteria | used in adults with suspected/documented infection, they have a higher risk of having sepsis if showing two or more symptoms |
| SIRS temperature | lower than 98.6° F (36° C), higher than 101° F (38.3° C) |
| SIRS heart rate | over 90 |
| SIRS respiratory rate | over 20 |
| SIRS systolic blood pressure | lower than 90 mmHg |
| SIRS mental status | new onset of altered mental status or worsened mental status |
| quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) | doesn't predict if someone is septic, predicts their chances of surviving a septic infection |
| qSOFA respiratory rate | over 22 |
| qSOFA systolic blood pressure | less than 100 mmHg |
| qSOFA mental status | any altered mental status |
| prevention for communicable diseases | keep up with appropriate vaccinations, follow standard precautions |
| chickenpox | caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) |
| signs and symptoms of chickenpox | early symptoms resemble a cold, fever and rash that itches and looks like blisters, rash on chest, abdomen, back, extremities |
| chickenpox spreading | highly contagious, direct person-to-person contact, airborne from rash on skin or mucous membranes, symptoms show up 10-21 days after exposure |
| treatment/prevention for chickenpox | isolate patients, stay vaccinated, take antiviral medications to shorten and prevent complications |
| shingles | occurs when VZV (chickenpox) virus reactivates, painful rash on one side of the body, along a dermatome |
| dermatome | area on the skin supplied by nerves from a spinal root |
| measles (rubeola) | highly infectious viral disease, rising with anti-vax movement |
| signs and symptoms of measles | fever, cough, eye irritation, small white or bluish spots on the inside of the cheek (Koplik spots), red blotchy rash on face, then trunk, then rest of body |
| measles spreading | easily spread in doplets in the air, contact with nose and throat secretions, shows up 3-7 days after exposure |
| measles treatment | ,no specific treatment, quarantine patient, keep up with vaccinations |
| mumps | caused by paramyxovirus |
| signs and symptoms of mumps | muscle aches, loss of appetite, headache, swelling or one of both parotids (parotitis) |
| parotid | salivary gland in front of ears |
| mumps spreading | direct contact with saliva, parotitis lasts 3-7 days after exposure |
| mumps treatment | quarantine for 5 days after swelling appears, vaccination, no real cure |
| hepatitis A | inflammation of the liver |
| signs and symptoms of hepatitis A | fever, nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, usually worse in older patients |
| hepatitis A spreading | spread by fecal-oral route, person injects something touched by an infected patient who leaves the virus on food/serving utensils |
| hepatitis A prevention | no specific treatment, hand hygiene, proper food preparation, vaccination |
| hepatitis B | more serious than hep A |
| signs and symptoms of hepatitis B | nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, vague abdominal pain, progresses to jaundice, younger patients have fewer or no symptoms but are more likely to develop chronic infection |
| hepatitis B spreading | material must get into body through skin or mucous membrane, transmitted through blood, semen, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, vaginal secretions |
| hepatitis B prevention | no specific treatment, proper PPE, vaccination, proper decontamination, see health are provider right after exposure, possibly immune globulin injection |
| hepatitis C | very similar to hep B (same symptoms) |
| hepatitis C spreading | bloodborne through shared needles, sex or childbirth |
| hepatitis C prevention | no vaccination, proper disposal of sharps, follow standard precautions |
| HIV/AIDS | |
| signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS | flu-like symptoms, fever, sore throat, fatigue |
| AIDS is characterized by other infections | pneumocystis carinii (form of pneumonia), kaposi’s sarcoma (form of skin cancer), tuberculosis |
| HIV/AIDS prevention | follow standards precautions, vaccinations, promote condom use, reduce sharing needles, consult a healthcare provider |
| croup | caused by parainfluenza virus (HPIV) |
| signs and symptoms of croup | swelling or larynx, trachea, and bronchi, seal-like cough, symptoms get worse at night |
| croup spreading | droplets from coughs or sneezing |
| croup prevention | hand hygiene, refrain from touching face |
| croup treatment | steaming, cold shock |
| pertussis (whooping cough) | caused by bordetella pertussis bacteria |
| signs and symptoms of whooping cough | begins like a typical upper respiratory infection, fits of uninterrupted coughing followed by a whooping sound on inspiration |
| whooping cough spreading | large droplets in the air |
| whooping cough treatment | vaccination, antibiotics |
| signs and symptoms of pneumonia | fever, chills, shortness of breath, tachypnea, pleuritic pain, productive cough, inflammation of lungs on x-ray, potential febrile seizures in infants/children, altered mental status in elderly patients, can lead to sepsis in older patients |
| pneumonia spreading | droplets and close contact |
| pneumonia prevention | antibiotics, vaccination, hand hygeine |
| tuberculosis | caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium |
| tuberculosis treatment | antibiotics, vaccine after exposure (not effective) |
| meningitis | inflammation of meninges (surround spinal cord/brain) caused by neisseria meningitidis bacteria |
| signs and symptoms of meningitis | abrupt onset of fever, nausea, vomiting, severe headache, nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), photophobia (light sensitivity), possible petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin) |
| meningitis spreading | direct contact |
| meningitis prevention | vaccine |
| viral STIs | HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, genital herpes, HPV |
| bacterial STIs | chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphillis |
| prevention for STIs | condoms, vaccinations |
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | women don't know they have an STI, have extreme abdominal pain |
| tick carried diseases | lyme disease (treated with antibiotics) |
| emerging infectious diseases | HIV/AIDS, SARS, EVD, MERS-CoV, zika virus |
Created by:
plamastro