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GER 1502 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Folktale | Specific type of cultural artifact |
| Folktale - Colloquial definition | old wives’ tales |
| Folktale - Scholarly definition | Lore of a people |
| Functions of folklore | Preservation, education, inculcate values |
| How old are Indo-European folktales | Most from 18th/19th century or older |
| Specific functions of tales | Explanatory / traditional / social |
| “Origins” Tales | -From older tradition, creation myths -Greek and Christian traditions |
| "Origins" tales similarities | Large natural features / prominent features in landscape, fantastic, mythical beings, force of nature, cultural values, part of larger mythology |
| "Miracles" tales | -Religious tradition -Teach a moral principle |
| St. George and Related Legends | -Legend -Dragon-slayer lore |
| Beginnings of Folklore Scholarship | Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786-1859) |
| Where did the Grimms brothers live | Kingdom of Westphalia – a satellite state of Napoleonic France (occupation of German lands) |
| Story of the Grimms upbringing | -Middle-class, in Hanau (near Frankfurt) -Father, a pastor, dies in 1796 – brothers go to Kassel |
| Where did the Grimms brothers go to university | University of Marburg |
| When were the first Grimms tales published and what were they called | 1812, children's and household tales |
| Grimms’ Contributions | -folk narrative and academic study -Pioneers in folklore research: first methodological and theoretical statements -“the fathers of German studies” |
| "Fairies and Demons" tales | -Supernatural creatures -Animism -Differences between Fairies and Demons--Good or evil? - change over time |
| Precursors to the Grimms (Italy) | Giovan Francesco Straparola, Giambattista Basile |
| Precursors to the Grimms (France) | Charles Perrault |
| Precursors to the Grimms (England) | Thomas Percy, James Macpherson |
| Precursors to the Grimms (Germany) | Johann Gottfried Herder, |
| Concept of “Volkspoesie” - poetry of the people | -Originated in Germany -Natural vitality and simplicity -Uncorrupted by modern civilization -Expression of national character |
| "Witches" tales | -Humans with magical powers -Usually female -Contract with the devil -Group gatherings – Witches' Sabbath (Germany: April 30) |
| Witch hunts | -Legally sanctioned in medieval times -Witch hunt craze 1560-1650 -Weather, plague, image of women changing |
| How many were witch hunt victims in Europe between 1450-1750? | 90,000 |
| "Vampires" tales | -Souls from purgatory -Eastern European source- Aleksandr Afanasyev |
| Socio-historical reasons for vampire lore in Eastern Europe | -Improper decomposition -Christianization of Eastern Europe -Disease (bubonic plague/rabies) |
| Vlad Tepes Dracula | Romanian prince, defended Wallachia from the Ottoman Turks -> national hero |
| Elizabeth (Erzesebet) Bathory | -Hungarian countess from politically influential family, widowed at 44 -Supposedly killed hundreds of girls; rumored to have bathed in their blood -Tried for murders; imprisoned until death |
| Genre: Fable | -Protagonists are usually animals that speak and act as if they are human -Didactic function -Situations from daily life -Historical and geographical location -Creating narrative distance |
| Fable Collections: Aesop | (6th century BC) -Historical person; a slave -Tales written down only in 2nd century |
| Fable Collections: Panchatantra | (300 AD) -Sanskrit for “Five Topics” -Purpose: to educate sons of royalty -attributed to Bidpai (Sanskrit for “court scholar”) -Persian and Arabic translations |
| Fables Collections: Jataka Tales (Tales of Buddha) | (4th century BC) -Buddha (Siddharta Gautama): “Divine Teacher” “Enlightened One” ---tales about virtues |
| Fables Collections: Jean de La Fontaine | -245 fables in 12 books: bestseller -criticism of corruption at court of Louis XIV -more entertaining than didactic |
| Folktale Genres: Fairytale | rely on magic to provide fantasy solutions to seemingly unsurmountable problems |
| Folktale Genres: Legend | historical grounding, but often unspecific. May have some details of time and place, not always exact |
| Folktale Genres: Myth | narrative projection of a cultural group’s sense of its sacred past and relationship with deeper powers to world and universe |
| Folktale Genres: Fable | protagonists are usually animals, who speak and act as though they are humans |
| Four Schools of Folklore Inquiry | I. Origin II. Form III. Style IV. Meaning of Critical Analysis |
| Origins Inquiry: Early Stages | -Grimms and Friedrich Max Muller (Sanskrit scholar, 1823-1900) -folktales are fragmented Indo-European remnants – from postulated IE source |
| “Solar mythology” (Muller) | folktales derive from myths about natural phenomena, i.e. Little Red Riding Hood |
| Theodor Benfey | -German orientalist -source of folk tales: India -spread to Europe through travel, translations, and “contact” |
| Origins: Historical-geographical method | -Goal – discover “Urform” -Methodology -Premise – single origin of each tale -Basic units of a folktale - "motif" and "type" |
| "Rules for Living" tales | -Didactic tales -Awareness of limitations, social context -Frequently, explicit morals -Nearly identical tales found in different regions |
| Formalists | reduce complexity of art; work toward more scientific form of literary analysis |
| Russian Formalism | Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, 1928 |
| Propp's Morphology | study of forms and their transformation, compare fairy tales according to their components |
| Function in Propp's Morphology | 31 functions, can be performed by various characters -Tales may have different content, but same functions -Not all functions present in all tales, but their sequence is always identical |
| French Structuralism founder | Claude Levi-Strauss |
| French Structuralism | -Analyzed myth within the study of comparative religion -Myths reflect how the human mind structures the world -We think in binary oppositions (nature-culture, male-female, good-evil) |
| "Children at Risk" tales | -Relationship between parents and children -Social value of children -Relationship between siblings -Reasons for abandoning children (financial, bad health, jealous or malicious (step-) parent, gender) |
| Walt Disney (1901-1966) | -American Dream – rags to riches -Grew up on Missouri farm -Art student -Ambulance driver |
| Ub Iwerks and “Laugh O Grams” | -Iwerks: technical skill -Disney: ideas |
| Disney and technology | -Assembly-line model w/ Taylorized production process -Synchronization of sound/image -Technicolor -Study movement for more realism -Multi-plane camera |
| Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) | -First feature-length animated film -In production for 3 years -“Disney’s folly” -Overtime to produce 2 million images needed -Highest grossing film 1937-39 -Films reflect conservative worldview |
| Disney Formulas for Fairy Tales | -Clear structure of good and evil (no gray areas) -"Hollywood Musical" genre - more singing than speaking -Technology as a subject: supplants magic -Dominance of visual elements over the text |
| Americanization in Disney films | -Democratic: demystifies royalty -Protagonists are all American teens -Reflect ideals of Beauty from time of the film -Domestic/submissive roles for women |
| Gilbert and Gubar interpretations of Snow White | -Gender roles: Women’s world framed by males -Mirror -Prince at the beginning & end -Middle-class work ethic |
| Disney and Capitalism | Disney has made the movie fairy tale into a vehicle for capitalist values, Disney’s model of filmmaking relied on capitalist practices |
| Differences in Jack and the Beanstalk tales | -Jacobs: foolishness, adventure, courage, transgressionists (murder, theft) -> wealth, marriage (amoral code) -Lang: self-knowledge (courage), conflict, takes father’s place (moral code) |
| Marxist Literary Criticism | -Lens of social and economic power dynamics -young giant tales, Bloch and Zipes |
| Ethnopsychology (19th century approach) | -Psychology of ethnic culture -Collective soul or psyche of a culture |
| Wilhelm Wundt, Folk Psychology (19th century approach) | Fairy tale reveals aspects of the primitive mind |
| Psychoanalysis - Freud (20th century approach) | -Individual psychology -Fairy tales are like dreams -Symbolic language related to unconscious |
| Volkspoesie (Folk Poetry) vs Kunstpoesie (Art Poetry) | Volkspoesie: organic, simple, innocent, and pure, insisted on faithful reproduction, determined by cultural context (larger external forces) Kunstpoesie: deliberate, conscious creation, complex, artist embellishes, adds to the tale, determined by teller |
| 4 central stylistic features (Max Luthi) | 1. one-dimensionality 2. depthlessness 3. abstraction 4. isolation and universal connection |
| Bettelheim on Sibling Rivalry | -Relationship of child to their parents -Establishes child’s sense of self-worth -Internalize good mother (trust, hope, confidence) and gain strength to live in adult world |
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ujhazyl
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