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Phonetics Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)? | An alphabet designed to represent the sounds of words rather than their spellings, one character per sound (better than using letters), contains core symbols and diacritics to denote more subtle articulation differences |
| What is the Importance/Purpose of the IPA? | It can be used to describe sounds in any human language |
| What is a Phoneme? | An individual sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes ("Coat" and "Boat") |
| What is the Importance of a Phoneme? | Phonemes have no meaning, but if you switch a phoneme in a morpheme, it changes the meaning of the morpheme |
| What is a Morpheme? | The smallest unit of meaning in a language |
| What is the Importance of a Morpheme? | They give meaning to phonemes and can be free or bound --> Free Morpheme: Can stand alone and still have meaning ("Cat"). Bound Morpheme: Must be bound to other words ("Re" as in "Reread", "Reuse", etc.). |
| What is an Allophone? | Variants of a phoneme (Phones that are produced differently, but do not change the meaning of the word) |
| What is the Importance of an Allophone/Why do they occur? | Occur as a result of the linguistic environment (The sounds before and after it influence how the phoneme is produced) |
| What is Free Distribution? | You can use an allophone in the context (How the /t/ at the end of "pit" sounds) |
| What is Complementary Distribution? | Only one allophone is allowed in a certain context ("pin" vs. "spin"). |
| What is a Syllable? | A unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with consonants that precede or follow it (Must have a nucleus) |
| What do Syllables contain? | Contains an onset and a rhyme. The rhyme contains a nucleus, which is typically a vowel (All syllables must have a nucleus) |
| What is the Onset of a Syllable? | Consonants that precede the vowel (nucleus) |
| What is the Rime/Rhyme of a Syllable? | Nucleus + Coda |
| What is the Coda of a Syllable? Open/Closed Syllable? | Consonants that follow the vowel (nucleus). If no coda consonant, it is an open syllable. If it has one or more consonants in the code, it is a closed syllable. |
| What are Prevocalic, Postvocalic, and Intervocalic Consonants? | Prevocalic consonants come before the vowel / Postvocalic consonants come after the vowel (Intervocalic if they come between two vowels) |
| What three mechanisms are involved in the production of speech? | Respiratory, Laryngeal, and Supralaryngeal Systems |
| What are the steps for breathing? | Diaphragm and other muscles expand the chest cavity. Pressure inside the lungs is reduced. Air moves in – pressure equalizes. Muscles relax – volume is reduced. Positive pressure is created – air moves out. |
| For speech, you speak on the ____? | Exhale |
| How is Rest Breathing similar/different from Speech Breathing? | Less air per breath, 40% inhale / 60% exhale, exhale is passive (diaphragm and muscles on inhalation relax) |
| How is Speech Breathing similar/different from Rest Breathing? | More air per breath, 10% inhale / 90% exhale, exhale is more active (diaphragm and muscles of inhalation relax AND abdominal muscles contract) |
| Why is the Respiratory System important for speech production? | You need air to produce speech |
| Why is the Laryngeal System important for speech production? | The larynx produces the sound of the voice (It is a valve, which opens/abducted and closes/adducted) |
| Explain the Cycle of Phonation | Subglottal Pressure builds below the closed VFs. Pushes VFs apart. Airflow through glottis. Elasticity of vocal folds + Bernoulli Effect bring together again. This process repeats during speech in the sound of the voice. |
| Define Phonation | Vibration of VFs to create sound |
| Define Fundamental Frequency | How fast the VFs vibrate (cycles per second) related to pitch |
| What is Abduction and Adduction in relation to the vocal folds? | Abduction = open (air flows through the glottis) Adduction = closed (vocal folds are together) |
| Describe the 3 important structures in the respiratory system | Rib cage ("Thoracic Cage"): 12 pairs of ribs, structural frame for lungs. Diaphragm: Muscle separating stomach from thoracic cavity, critical muscle for respiration. Thoracic Cavity: Contains the lungs, trachea, and bronchial tubes. |
| Where is the Larynx? | Located at the top of the trachea in front of the neck, suspended by the hyoid bone (u-shaped bone under the jaw), muscles of the tongue, skull, larynx, and jaw attach to the hyoid bone |
| What are the 3 cartilages providing the framework for the larynx? | Thyroid, Cricoid, and Arytenoid Cartilages |
| Describe the Thyroid Cartilage | Largest, butterfly shaped, forms the frontal and side walls of the larynx |
| Describe the Cricoid Cartilage | Top ring of the trachea |
| Describe the Arytenoid Cartilages | Pair, small and pyramid-shaped, connected to the cricoid (cricoarytenoid joint), allows for circular sliding movements, vocal folds attach to the arytenoids, movements of the arytenoids cause the vocal folds to open and close |
| Describe the vocal folds, which are housed in the larynx | Also called: Thyroarytenoid Muscle, vocal cords, vocalis muscle, basic structure that vibrates (opens and closes) to produce sound, attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages |
| Describe the Glottis | Opening between the vocal folds when they are abducted (a space, not an anatomical body part) |
| What important structures are located in the Supralaryngeal System (The parts of the speech mechanism that are above the larynx) | Pharynx (laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx), Oral cavity (space between lips and oropharynx), and Nasal cavity (space between nostril and nasopharynx) |
| What are the 6 Articulators important for speech production? | Lips, teeth, hard palate, soft palate (velum), glottis, and tongue |
| Describe Labial, Bilabial, and Rounded sounds. What 6 sounds are produced with the lips? | Labial: A sound that involves the lips --> /p, b, m, f, v, w/ Bilabial: A sound that involves both lips Rounded: A sound made with rounding of the lips |
| Describe Labiodental (and its 2 sounds) and Interdental sounds (and its 2 sounds) | Labiodental: A sound that involves articulation of the lips with the teeth --> /f, v/ Interdental: A sound made with the tongue between the teeth ---> "th" as in "think" or "this" |
| What is the Alveolar Ridge (located in the Hard Palate)? | The bony ridge right behind the teeth |
| What are Alveolar sounds? What 6 sounds are produced with the alveolar ridge? | Sounds made with the tongue touching or close to the alveolar ridge --> /t, d, n, s, z, l/ |
| Describe what happens when the Velopharyngeal port is open/closed | Velum lowered: Nasal cavity opened, can breathe through nose. Velum raised: Closes off nasal cavity, breath through mouth only. |
| What are Nasal sounds? What 3 sounds are produced with the nasal cavity? | Velum is down, air goes through the pharynx and nasal cavity, oral cavity is closed off --> /m/ /n/ "ng" as in "thing" |
| What are Oral sounds? | Velum is elevated, nasal cavity is closed off, air goes through the pharynx and oral cavity only --> All other English phonemes |
| What are Velar sounds? What are the 3 sounds produced with the velum? | Sounds made with the back of the tongue touching the velum --> /k, g/ and "ng" as in "thing" |
| What are Glottis sounds? What is an example of a glottal sound? | When air passes through the glottis without vibrating the vocal folds --> /h/ (Glottal stop: Completely closes the vocal folds, stopping airflow as in "uh oh") |
| What are the 4 areas of the tongue? | Tip/Apex, Blade, Dorsum, and Root |
| Sounds made with the tongue are called ____ sounds | Lingual (The tongue can stop airflow, constrict air passage, create friction, and to stop and then release air) |
Created by:
AnaHuls