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Unit 6 Solutions
chemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | A measure of how close the average of all trials of for a measured value are to the true value of the measurement. |
| Agitation | The movement of one or more components of a mixture to improve contact. In laymen’s terms this is called “mixing”. |
| Analytical Balance | Extremely accurate laboratory balance created to precisely measure the mass of an object. |
| Anchoring Event | Specific instances of a phenomenon that require scholars to pull together a number of science ideas in order to explain. |
| Anion | Negatively charged ion. |
| Atom | The smallest particle of an element. |
| Attraction | The non-contact force or interaction that pulls two or more substances or particles toward each other. |
| Avogadro’s Number | The number of particles found in one mole of a substance with an experimentally determined value of approximately 6.02 x 1023 particles per mole. |
| Bond | General term used to describe the forces that hold atoms together in compounds. |
| Cation | Positively charged ion. |
| Charge | The net charge of an atom found by comparing the number of electrons to the number of protons. |
| Celsius (°C) | A scale of temperature on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° under standard conditions. |
| Claim | A statement made as an explanation of data collected and analyzed or as an answer to a question. |
| Compound | A pure substance composed of identical particles containing atoms from more than one elemens held together by bonds that can only be separated or changed by chemical reactions. |
| Analytical Balance | Increasing the amount of dissolved solute per liter of solution. |
| Concentrated (adjective) | Used in comparison to other solution(s), higher ratio of dissolved solute per liter of solution than the other solution(s). |
| Concentration | A measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. |
| Control Variable (aka Constant) | Anything that is held constant or limited in an investigation to minimize risk of error in the results. |
| Conversion Factor | A ratio of equivalent measurements. |
| Coulomb’s Law | Like charges repel; opposite charges attract. The force is proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. |
| Covalent Bond | A bond that involves two highly electronegativity atoms, usually nonmetals, sharing electrons in a distinctive location in such a way that all atoms in the particle achieve a stable octet. |
| Density | Mass per unit of volume of a substance; how much matter is in a given amount of space. |
| Dependent Variable | The variable being tested and measured in an experiment and is 'dependent' on the independent variable. |
| Dilute (verb) | Decreasing the amount of dissolved solute per liter of solution. |
| Diluted (adjective) | Used in comparison to other solution(s), lower ratio of dissolved solute per liter of solution that other solution(s). |
| Dilution | The addition of solvent, which decreases the concentration of the solute in the solution. |
| Dipole | A bond or molecule whose ends have opposite charges. |
| Dissociation | The breaking apart of a compound into simpler constituents that are usually capable of recombining under other conditions. |
| Dissociation Equation | The equation that represents the dissociation of a compound into simpler constituents. |
| Dissolution | The process of dissolving a solute into a solvent. |
| Dissolution Equation | The equation that represents the dissolution of a compound into a solvent. |
| Electron | Subatomic particle found outside the nucleus of the atom that has negligible mass and a negative charge equal and opposite to the proton. |
| Element | Substance that is composed of a single type of atom; a substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical change; determined by the number of protons in the atom. |
| Emulsion | A fine mixture of two naturally immiscible liquids, most commonly water and oil. |
| Energy (E) | The capacity to do work, usually measured in Joules (J). |
| Energy Level (aka Energy Shell) | A fixed distance from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found. |
| Essential Question | A question developed from an anchoring event that is investigated in order to develop an underlying explanatory model for the phenomenon. |
| Evidence | Knowledge, facts, or data (qualitative or quantitative) that supports the claim. |
| Explanatory Model | A proposed explanation made based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
| Graduated Cylinder | A narrow, cylindrical container marked with horizontal lines to represent units of measurement and used to precisely measure the volume of liquids. |
| Homogenous | A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout. |
| Hydration Shell | The three-dimensional sphere of water molecules that forms around the solute ions and separates them from one another based on attraction and repulsion between dipoles of water molecules and the charged portions of the solute. |
| Immiscible | Two substances that, when combined, separate into layers or form a heterogeneous mixture that does not evenly mix at the particulate level. |
| Independent Variable | The variable the experimenter manipulates or changes, and in many cases is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable. |
| Inference | A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. |
| Insoluble | A way to describe a solute that will not dissolve into a solvent. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms in which the number of electrons is different from the number of protons, causing a net positive or negative charge. |
| Ionic Bond | A bond that involves a low electronegativity metal transferring its valence electrons |
| Kelvin (K) | A scale of temperature that is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (equivalent in size to the degree Celsius), first introduced as the unit used in the Kelvin scale. |
| Kinetic Energy | Form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion. |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to another. |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Matter can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of matter to another. |
| Lewis Dot Structure | Simplified model of an atom in the form of a diagram that represents the valence electrons of atoms of a particle. |
| Mass | The amount of matter present; measured in the base SI unit of grams (g). |
| Miscible | Two substances that mix completely in all proportions or concentrations to form a homogenized, equally distributed solution at the particulate level. |
| Mixture | Contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined. |
| Molar Mass | The mass, in grams, of one mole of a substance expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol). The average atomic mass determined using the natural abundance of all isotopes of an element is the same as the molar mass of an element. |
| Molarity (M) | The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution (mol/L). |
| Mole | A way to count the number of particles of a substance by group, similar to a “pair” or a “dozen”; the amount of substance containing the same number of atoms, molecules, ions, or other entities as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C. |
| Molecule | A group of atoms covalently bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle found in the nucleus of the atom that as an approximate mass of 1 amu that is neutral (no charge). |
| Nonpolar Bond | A covalent bond characterized by equal sharing of electrons due to similar strong electronegativities; electrons spend equal amounts of time near each atom in the bond. |
| Nonpolar Molecule | A molecule where the electrons are distributed equally among its atoms, resulting in no net positive or negative charges on any part of the molecule. |
| Observation | Any data collected using any of the five senses, can be quantitative or qualitative. |
| Origin | The original position of the sample on the chromatography paper. |
| Paper Chromatography | A technique which is used to separate dissolved solutes in a homogenous solution based on their distribution between stationary and mobile phases. |
| Partial Charge | A charge value that is less than the elementary charge value of one on an atom within a molecule, written as partial positive (δ+) or partial negative (δ-). |
| Particle | Any basic unit of matter such as atoms, ions, molecules, formula units, etc. |
| Phenomenon | Events or processes (“things that happen”) that are observable by the senses, or detectable by instruments. |
| Physical Property | A property of a substance that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of the substance. |
| Polar | A physical property of compounds that describes a separation of charges, or unequal distribution of charge, resulting in partial positive and partial negative regions. |
| Polar Bond | A covalent bond characterized by unequal sharing of electrons |
| Polar Molecule | A molecule that has a positive end and a negative end due to an uneven distribution of electrons across its atoms, creating a separation of electric charge. |
| Polarity | A separation of electric charge leading to a bond or an entire molecule having a dipole moment. |
| Polyatomic Ion | An ion composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together in such a way that it results in a charged particle that behaves as a single ion. |
| Precision | A measure of how close all trials for a measured value are to one another. |
| Pure Substance | A single type of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means. |
| Qualitative | The determination of non-numerical information about a chemical species, a reaction, a system, etc. |
| Quantitative | The determination of numerical information about a chemical species, a reaction, a system, etc. |
| Rate | The speed at which a chemical or physical process occurs. |
| Ratio | Numerical comparison or relationship between two or more values. |
| Reasoning | The explanation of the “how” or “why” the evidence you have chosen supports your claim. |
| Repulsion | The non-contact force or interaction that pushes two or more substances or particles away from each other. |
| Saturated Solution | Solutions that contain the maximum amount of dissolved solutes in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. |
| Serial Dilution | A step-wise, repeated dilution of a known concentration sample to reduce a highly concentrated solution to a more usable concentration in a fixed and predictable ratio. |
| Soluble | A way to describe a solute that will dissolve into a solvent. |
| Solubility | The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solute at a given temperature. |
| Solubility Curve | A graphical representation that shows how the solubility of a substance changes with temperature, typically plotted with temperature on the x-axis and the amount of solute dissolved (solubility) on the y-axis. |
| Solute | The substance being dissolved. |
| Solution | Mixture of solute and solvent. |
| Solvent | The substance doing the dissolving. |
| Solvent Front | The solvent front is the position indicating the furthest distance traveled by the developing solvent on the chromatography paper. |
| Supersaturated Solution | Solutions that contain more than the maximum amount of dissolved solutes than should be possible at that temperature in a given amount of solvent. |
| Surface Area | How much exposed three dimensional area a substance has. |
| Temperature | Average kinetic energy of a substance, usually measured in Celsius or Kelvin in the context of chemical analysis. |
| Unsaturated Solution | Solutions that contain a smaller than maximum amount of dissolved solutes in a given volume of solvent at a specific temperature. |
| Valence Electron | An electron located in the outermost shell (or valence shell) of an atom. |
| Volume | The amount of space occupied by a substance, typically expressed in liters (L). |
| Weigh Boat | Open containers that is used to mass granulated, liquid, or solid samples. |
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