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ARKY Midterm 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act | NAGPRA; federal law passed in 1990; provides process for museums and federal agencies to return certain NA cultural items to lineal descendants, and culturally affiliated Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations |
| Himler ancestral heritage soceity | Nazis start excavations; not driven by the pursuit of knowledge but by expansion; Nazis distorting arky to covet their lands; used film to record their ideology |
| coopting symbols | racial markers/ideological markers; ex. swastika |
| Fitzroy | social evolutionist; kidnapped FN plp & took them back to london to do experiments (civilize them into slavery); took his own life around the time he published his book |
| evidence based | work backwards from remains to dynamic human behaviours that produce them |
| specialists in arky | narratives tend to be linear |
| non-specialists in arky | narratives tend to be nonlinear |
| what is arky? | the study of human past through material culture; how we gain understanding of the past; work back from static remains; can't see what is studied directly, only indirectly |
| 1960s transition in arky | became disenchanted w/ historical approaches to arky; sytems of adaptation to environments, scientific methodology, technology formed a part of this system |
| 1990s transition in arky | suggested science wasnt the right way to do arky; linear narrative; try to include more multi narratives |
| exploring obsolescent tech | older files w/ diff formats; how do we make digital heritage accessible to plp 10000y from now?; we now have a respons. to the plp in the future to provide them of the cultural knowledge of our cent to make them more resilient |
| the age of antiquarian communication | 1700s-1830s; non-pro going into arky world & documenting; mainly antiquarians; artifacts appreciated pri. for aesthetic value; represented classical view of the world; no recog that artifacts could be used to learn anything; ideas came from Nap in Egypt |
| antiquarians | wealthy gentleman or men of the church |
| the age of print communication | 1840-1910; engage in methodical excavation; paleolithic arky born; biological changes from humans; what arky meant for religion; distraction for many things that were going on during victorian times; arky was stabling force; newspapers sponsered exc. |
| the age of mass communication | 1920-1950s; first academically trained akys appeared; comm. through newsreel footage; clean up from nazi raids would find akry sites/items; tutankamuns tomb defining moment in arky com; also had radio and TV; rise of arky programs on TV |
| the age of specialist communication | 1960s-1980s; science replaced culture history as major theoretical orientation; noticeable decline in media to com arky to public; perceptual arky; publish academic journals; protecting heritage sites; fringe theorists |
| the age of global communication | 1990-present; making arky info public again; mass communication; science being done in real time |
| publish or perish | models archeologists used in universities; archeologists were rewarded for peer reviewing and journals; resulted in less actual arky work being done |
| Macguffin in film and arky | symbolic act to find sovereignty; HMS; search for Franklins lost ships; media was the way to communicate the message |
| climate anxiety | associated w/ the fear of climate change & grieving of the loss of environments; Pompeii film represents this fear through natural disasters |
| site of Pompeii | 1st ex of censorship in arky by Domenico Fontana (provocative paintings on the walls); prob took place 3-4 months earlier than originally thought (clothing, fruits, & coins evidence); preserved in ash |
| totalitarian regimes | ancient Rome used as metaphor to depict |
| Intolerance by DW Griffeth | great masterpiece of silent film era; tells 4 stories: contemporary crime & redemption, Judean, Christs mission & death, French; why so interested? - reestablish morality after Jazz age by depicting biblical stories; resonated w/ society |
| roaring 20s | aka jazz age; sustained period of economic prosperity; after WW1 plp ready to party; flappers redefined women; ended in 1929 from Wallstreet crash; new tech: automobile, moving pictures, radio; epicentres: chicago, NY, paris; normalcy in politics |
| the great depression | began Oct 29 1929; Black Tuesday; stock market crash; hollywood films used as form of escapism; costume dramas & toga epics popular; romans were oppressors w/ christians & jews as innocent victims; president Cooper led to "Cooper Shacks" (tin houses) |
| popular films during great depression | Sign of the Cross, Ben Hur, Quo Vadis |
| American empire fear | fear that the british would try and grow back into america during great depression; english actors used to depict roman emperors |
| ancient rome in hollywood films | films based on toga plays & novels written in 19th cent; christians &/or Jews pitted against romans who were depicted as militaristic tyrannical rulers who preyed on & sexually dominated women w/ violent excess; hope messages & standing up for 1s beliefs |
| narrative romance in toga epics | militaristic domineering roman official falls for virtuous christian women, although attracted to roman character, women cannot give herself over to object of her desire because what he stands for, resists erotic attraction until converts to her religion |
| Rome through arky evidence | incredible sense of duty; didn't like excess; well established norms to sexuality (monogamy); gladiator games meant to inoculate romans against compassion; valued fairness, understanding, & forgiveness |
| roman areana | gladiators or unfortunate christians pitted agains exotic animals then later on local animals; gradual shift from violent animal fights towards animals trained to do clever tricks |
| beast hunts | how animals were introduced into the colosseum 3rd cent BCE; animals ambushed & captured using local indig hunters; likely not the heroic hunt often described by roman accounts; military exercise |
| zooarchaeology | excavation & analysis of animal bones recovered from arky sites; evidence indicates practical use was made of animal carcasses; likely butchered & distributed to Roman citizens; plp may have been chastised since eating flesh that had consumed humans |
| Cecil B DeMille | Spielberg of his day; very religious all his life & kept bible on him; gave all the staff a copy of the bible when filmed the 10 commandments; "audiences do not want to be educated but entertained"; focus on christians as victims of roman violence |
| Cecils Cleopatra Movie | costumes worn were not how women dressed, more so what you'd expect from a cocktail party than what you'd see in ancient egypt; bit of research w/ lots of artistic license; authenticity takes backseat to love & action; milk not actually used to bathe |
| epic films and moral lessons of great depression | toga films carried moral messages against excess & materialism; analogy btw jazz age & imperial rome, where both were susceptible to tragedy; christian martyrs & their protestant descendants represented; fast living of 1920s led to GD, & fall of rome same |
| visual grandeur & spectacle films | evolution of media; use of sex & violence to lure plp away from TV; newly developed cameras & immersive screens; depictions of depravity in these films heavily criticized; ironic that movie sets very elaborate w/ materialism & consumerism being critiqued |
| vaudeville humor | used roman settings to explore corruption in US politics & social institutions; rome used cause often portrayed in civics lessons as ultimate ex of democratic government; pop films were 'Roman Scandals' & 'A funny thing happened on the way to the forum' |
| actual roman government | mix of democracy & oligarchy w/ emperor often conflicting w/ senate; emperors had absolute authority but took advice from senate; ancient roman law formed basis of modern law; birthplace of democracy & rule of law |
| examining modern problems in ancient world | often overlooked the complexities of social & political life; altered the way rome was represented to modern american public; narrative of romantic couples destiny often used; regardless made classical arky & history more popular for general public |
| Ancient Rome used to depict cold war themes | british actors often played romans, americans played christians & jews; romans & british viewed as hyper civilized hierarchical societies, US saw themselves as more egalitarian & collective; concept of nuclear war; americans scared british retakeover |
| Ben Hur 1995 | tale of Judah Ben Hur, a jewish prince who is framed by his former childhood friend Mesalla for attempted murder; inspired plp to rise against their oppressors; given a 2nd chance at life as a charioteer; hero overcoming adversity |
| Spartacus | oppressors triumph over the oppressed in the form of a failed slave revolution; gladiator revolt where they are betrayed by silesian pirates; slaves are pursued by general crassus |
| contemporary issues in Spartacus | false utopias, human cost of revolution, zionism & the creation of a jewish state (oppressor & oppressed), US civil rights, McCarthyism, occupy movement |
| McCarthyism | origins during '2nd Red Scare' in US 1950-1956; characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on US institutions & espionage by Soviet agents; originally used to criticize anti-communist pursuits of Republican senator; made list of disloyal |
| chariot racing | to entertain & diffuse mobs of rome; associated w/ funerary processions & religious aspects; deities Sol the Sun & Luna the moon; heroic figures; very dangerous |
| circus maximus | largest & oldest roman circus; originally was just a sand track but became a more built-up track; 620m long & 140m wide ; could hold up to 150,000 spectators |
| stable companies | charioteers worked for them; one of four colours: Red, White, Blue, & Green; loyal fans could support their team in the clubhouses |
| the law of the 12 tables | an ancient piece of legislation that was the foundation of all roman law; gave women little political power & children were disregarded almost entirely |
| gender roles in toga epics | usually rigidly defined & reflected western society of early & mid 20th cent more than Roman society; gentle christian woman vs sexually dominant manipulating women; the young masculine hero vs the older male villain; villains often sexually ambiguous |
| hyper-masculinity in the face of post war feminism | theorist Courcoux see recent toga epics as response to changing codes relating to masculinity during 70s, which is often associated w/ rise of feminism; portrayed as a response to white male victimization; ex Maximus failure to protect Marcus Aurileus |
| 6 narratives of human evolution | hominid as hero, the forces shaping evolution, the horror of regression, the 'lost tribe', dinosaurs & humans coexisting, evolution on trial |
| hominid as hero | paleoanth & film often portrays hominids as having to overcome some environmental or tech limitation in order to avoid extinction; often accomplished by a hero/heroin hominid |
| the forces shaping evolution | often in films human evolution is seen as being shaped by outside forces; might include alien intervention; processes under which evolution operates not completely understood; environment or genes? |
| the horror of regression | evolution & idea humans ascended from earlier primate ancestor was a concept that was difficult for Victorian mind to grasp; led to 'Ape Fear'; altered states where character would go back to earlier hominid states through psychoactive drugs |
| the lost tribe | worry about the impact of modernity on the world including the loss of traditional societies due to the effects of contact; emerged an interest in lost tribes of hunter-gatherers which reflect guilt over colonialism & destruction of habitat |
| dinos & humans co-existing | w/ rejection of evolution came idea that dinos & humans lived together following human expulsion from the garden of Eden; suggests societies could have existed before Noah flood; god took dinos on ark w/ him |
| evolution on trial | 1st half of 20th cent evolution seen as direct contribution to religion & portrayed as dangerous; Scopes Monkey Trials dramatized in film 'Inherit the Wind' & focus on trial of John Scope, biology teacher accused of teaching evolution to science class |
| intelligent design (ID) | belief certain features of universe & living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than by natural selection or evolutionary processes; often presented as alternative to Darwin evolution; scientific community rejects it as pseudoscience |
| portraying evolution in media | popular narrative because its controversial; also a source of social anxiety; narratives shaped by social & political factors; often treated as a moral conflict, or something to be feared |
| Human-Chimpanzee Last Common Ancestor | HC-LCA: species from which hominin lineage & the chimpanzee & bonobo lineage diverged; would have had an ape sized brain & body w/ relatively long arms & fingers & a grasping foot that allowed it to forage in trees; canine teeth prob sexually dimorphic; |
| bipedalism requirements | hole at base of skull articulating the spinal column be positioned directly beneath the skull, the pelvis be short from front to back, that long legs are present, along w/ a double arched foot & non-opposable big toe |
| non-honing chewing | requires a blunt non-projecting canine tooth, a decrease in size of the canine tooth, absence of diastema (gap btw teeth), wear on tips of canines & third premolars, & cusps on lower 3rd premolar of equal size; crushing food instead of slicing it |
| why did hominid line diverge from Miocene primates? | postural feeding model, warning display model, carrying model, thermal regulatory model, wading model |
| postural feeding model | chimpanzees only bipedal when they eat because they reach up to branches of trees to obtain food, these may have evolved into regular habits |
| warning display model | bipedalism is used as a general defense strategy of hominids, exaggerating visual & audio signals; used today in bear encounters |
| carrying model | bipedalism evolved to enable hominids to carry meat over long distances back from sources to home bases; also to carry tools |
| thermal regulatory model | bipedalism evolved to help dissipate body heat in hot savannah environments |
| wading theory | linked to aquatic ape model & argues that swimming & diving played a role in emergence of bipedalism |
| Rodman & McHenry bipedalism theory | bipedalism came about because of climate change; greater mechanical efficiency in patchy forests |
| Owen Lovejoy bipedalism theory | provisioning females at home base; emerged out of man as hunter model; females more attracted to hunters who provided & brought more stuff back; adaptive advantages associated w/ monogamous pair bonds |
| downsides of bipedalism | exposes heart & genitals (vitals more exposed), back issues, circulation system now has to pump up and down, foot damage can render you immobile |
| The Mosquito Coast Movie | central character is shot & paralyzed, he critiques the design of the human body, calling it flawed; he claims bipedalism made humans weaker than other species |
| australopithecines | see 1st emergence ~ 4.1mya; some were robust seed chewers while others were smaller & more gracile; they all possessed small brains, small canines, large premolars, & large molars; small body size & sexually dimorphic; oldest is anamensis |
| Laetoli Footprints | perfectly preserved footprints of a. afarensis; discovered by Mary Leakey; depict 3 hominids walking a muddy plain 3.6mya; preserved by a layer of volcanic ash; proved hominids were fully bipedal before evolution of modern human brain & earliest tool use |
| stoned ape theory | introduced by Terrance Mckenna; 60s psychonaut biologist; evolution of homo erectus had to do w/ mushrooms introduced into their diets; thought mushrooms helped w/ language development & religious experience |
| neanderthals | from western asia & europe; projecting faces, large nasal openings, occipital buns, long low skull, large front teeth, wide stocky body w/ short arms & legs; reflect adaptation to cold climate to increase thermal efficiency |
| why did neanderthals become extinct? | violence, parasites & pathogens, competitive replacement, interbreeding, climate change, natural disasters |
| The Ugly Little Boy | neanderthal child pulled into the present by scientists for study; nurse forms bond w/ child; study is over & want to return neanderthal to own time, nurse doesn't want this as he could not survive having acquired modern dependencies & speech |
Created by:
paigemurdy